3. Match the terms in column A with the explanations in column B:

　　A B

　　1) corporate governance a) An investor who attempts to force a corporation to

　　make changes in management, board structure,

　　investment policies, use of retained earnings, or

　　other practices, often by introducing shareholder

　　proposals or putting forward alternative directors. 6

　　2) bridge financing b) An interest group that endeavors to influence

　　public policy and especially governmental

　　legislation, regarding its particular concerns and

　　priorities. 8

　　3) trade union c) A privilege, sold by one party to another, that

　　gives the buyer the right, but not the obligation, to

　　buy or sell a stock at an agreed-upon price within a

　　certain period or on a specific date. 10

　　4) stakeholder d) A method of financing, used by companies before

　　their IPO, to obtain necessary cash for the

　　maintenance of operations. 2

　　5) short seller e) The set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and

　　institutions affecting the way a corporation (or

　　company) is directed, administered or controlled. 1

　　6) activist investor f) An organization of workers that have banded

　　together to achieve common goals such as higher

　　wages or better working conditions. 3

　　7) venture capital g) The process of buying an undervalued company

　　with the intent to sell off its assets for a profit. 9

　　8) pressure group h) An investor who sells a commodity, currency, or

　　security which he or she does not own at the time

　　of sale. 5

　　9) asset stripping i) Money provided by investors to startup firms and

　　small businesses with perceived long-term growth

　　potential. 7

　　10) stock option j) Person, group, or organization that has direct or

　　indirect stake in an organization because it can

　　affect or be affected by the organization's actions,

　　objectives, and policies. 4