21. If the aim of a lesson is “To learn the names of colours” the lesson may focus on a particular ______ .

　　22. The cardinal rule means _________________ .

　　23. “Knowing English” must mean knowing how to __________ in English.

　　24. The three main things that a learner has to acquire when learning a new structure are the form, meaning and _____ of the structure.

　　25. The attitudinal and emotional factors can be expressed in an item of vocabulary. These are often referred to as ____.

　　26. ____ refers to varieties of language defined by their topic and context of use.

　　27. Animal is a super-ordinate term, while cow, horse, pig, dog, cat, etc. are ____.

　　28. There is a lack of consistency between ____ and pronunciation in English.

　　29. Grammar is a description of the ____ of a language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are combined to produce sentences in the language.

　　30. The emphasis of the product perspective on grammar is on the component parts of the language system, divided up into separate forms. Each form is the ____ of the grammarian’s analysis.

　　31. Process teaching engages learners in ____, formulating their own meanings in contexts over which they have considerable control.

　　32. When we teach grammar as ____, the learner is required to attend to grammar, while working on tasks which retain an emphasis on language use.

　　33. The complex form-function relationship is not a simplified, a one-to-one ____.

　　34. ________ are represented by phonetic symbols because there is no one-to-one correspondence between written letters and spoken sounds.

　　35. ________ is often described as the music of speech—the way the voice goes up and down as we speak.

　　36. Most contributors to the Communicative Approach share the view that language is used for communication and are more concerned with meaning than with ____________.

　　37. At one time ______________ was called Classical Method since it was first used in the teaching of the classical languages of Latin and Greek.

　　38. When we use the word __________________ we mean that an idea or theory is being applied: that whatever the teacher does, certain theoretical principles are always borne in mind.

　　39. A __________________ is a set of procedures or a collection of techniques used in a systematic way which it is hoped will result in efficient learning.

　　40. The three major causes for errors are: mother tongue interference, ______________________, and inappropriate teaching materials or methods.

　　参考答案

　　1. pedagogy2. communication3. language4. Applied linguistics5. social factors6. indirectly

　　7. economic8. different9. methods10. principles11. functional12. structural

　　13. SVO14. descriptive15. Syntax16. external17. habit formation18. behavior

　　19. interplay20. universal grammar21. topic 22. one thing at a time23. communicate

　　24. use25. connotation or affective meaning26. Register27. hyponyms28. spelling

　　29. structure30. product 31. language use 32. skill33. correspondence, or: relationship

　　34. Sounds35. Intonation36. structure37. the grammar-translation method

　　38. approach39. method40. overgeneralization