1、The Colonial Period (1607-1765)

　　American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)

　　北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱)

　　Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响(metaphysical)

　　2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period

　　Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源

　　3、American Romanticism（end of 18 ^th  to the civil war )

　　American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature.

　　早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature 短篇小说

　　James Fenimore Cooper 历史，冒险，边疆小说《The Leather-stocking Tales>文明发展对大自然的摧残与破坏

　　William Cullen Bryant 美国第一个浪漫主义诗人《To a Waterfowl>美国山水，讴歌大自然，歌颂美国生活现实

　　Edgar Allan Poe ---(48 poems,70 short stories)

　　He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”

　　He was father of psychoanalytic criticism , and the detective story.

　　Ralph Waldo Emerson---The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism

　　American Transcendentalism (also known as “ American Renaissance” ) It is the high tide of American romanticism Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 《Nature》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson 《Self-Reliance》表达他的超验主义观点

　　Henry David Thoreau------ Walden

　　he regarded nature as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization.

　　小说家：Hawthorne-赞成超验He is a master of symbolism The Scarlet Letter《红字》

　　Melville 怀疑，悲观，sailing experiences Moby Dick百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗

　　诗人Longfellow《 I Shot an Arrow...》《A Psalm of Life》第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌

　　Whitman (Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme )

　　《Leaves of Grass》《 One's Self I Sing》《O Captain! My Captain!》song

　　Dickinson inner life of the individual ---died for beauty

　　4、 The Age of Realism

　　James upper reaches of American society. <一位女士的肖像》inner world of man

　　Howells, concerned himself chiefly with middle class life.

　　Twain the lower strata of society. humor and local colorism

　　American Naturalism 自然主义(新型现实)

　　Stephen Crane;《Maggie: A Girl of the Streets》《The Red Badge of Courage》pessimistic

　　Theodore Dreiser;Sister Carrie;Jennie Gerhardt;An American Tragedy(Trilogy of Desire)

　　O.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi;The Cop and the anthem

　　Jack London：The Call of the Wild;Martin Eden

　　5、 The Modern Period   The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature)

　　The Roaring Twenties ，The Jazz Age ，“lost”(Gertrude Stein) and “waste land”(T.S.Eliot)

　　现代主义小说家

　　F. Scott Fitzgerald：《The Great Gatsby》 被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征，以美国梦American Dream为主线。

　　Hemingway迷惘一代Iceberg Principle (Theory):The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.

　　《The Sun Also Rises 1926》《The Old Man and the Sea 》

　　William Faulkner ：Yoknapatawpha Country---以故乡为原型虚构南方贵族家庭的没落

　　The Sound and the Fury 取自莎士比亚的《麦克白》

　　Anderson ：《Winesburg, Ohio 》，又称“小镇畸人”

　　现代主义诗人：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticism

　　Imagism 意象派

　　Pound：《In a Station of the Metro》《Cantos》

　　Stevens：《Anecdote of the Jar》〈The Man with the Blue Guitar>

　　Williams:

　　T.S.Eliot::

　　浪漫派：Frost：《The Road Not Taken》《Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 》

　　Hughes：---Poet Laureate of Harlem，Harlem Renaissance 开创黑人文学

　　Dreams 《梦想》 Border Line 《分界线》

　　6、当代，后现代时期 The Post-War Period (The Beat Generation ，Black Humor，寻找自我)

　　Ellison(黑人)： Invisible Man 《看不见的人》---“寻找自我”主题的代表作

　　Allen Ginsberg(Jewish)：《Howl》—跨掉的一代代表作

　　Heller：Catch-22 《第二十二条军规》---黑色幽默代表作

　　J.D.Salinger(Jewish):《Catcher in the Rye>

　　Bellow(Jewish):