参考答案

　　一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)

　　1.A 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D6.A 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A

　　二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)

　　11.social12.complementary13.root14.complex15.complementary16.utterance17.metathesis18.bilingualism

　　19.lateralization 20.transfer

　　三、判断题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)

　　21.F 22.T 23.F　24.T 25.F　26.T 27.F 28.T 29.T 30 F

　　四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)

　　31.One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born with the ability to acquire a language， but different from animals， the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted，rather it is culturally transmitted， i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.

　　32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication， i.e.the speech sounds. Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.

　　34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and categories，such as-ed，-(e)s ，-est in English.

　　35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For example ，if we say， “The dog is barking，” we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word “dog” refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word “dog”。　　360(36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words， phrases， and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax， lexicon and phonology. For example， by saying “You have left the door wide open”，the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.

　　37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist. The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.

　　m38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language，often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation， such as racial discrimination or segregation.　　39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations，in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason， registers are also known as situational dialects.

　　40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.

　　五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)

　　41.In addition to revealing a linear order， a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent， and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.

　　For example， the phrase “ the old men and women” may have two interpretations， i.e. the adjective “old”may modify the noun “men”， or the following two nouns “men and women”。Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference， so it is ambiguous. Whereas，the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear. So，we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.　 (NP NP NP NP NP NP The old men and the women the old men and the old women

　　42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis，language use in terms of perception，comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers. When we speak，words are drawn from Wernicke’s area and transferred to Broca’s area， which determines the details of their form and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words. When we hear something and try to comprehend it，t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke‘s area，where it is then interpreted. When we perceive a visual image，a message is sent to the angular gyrus，where it is converted into a visual pattern.