答案

　　I. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×5=15%)

　　1. Duality : The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words

　　2. root: A root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is that port of the word when all the affixes are removed.

　　3. reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

　　4. hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.

　　5. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per­formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.

　　Ⅱ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×15=30%)

　　1-5 CDCBB 6-10 ABBAA 11-15 DDCBD

　　Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)

　　1-5 FFTTF 6-10 TTTFF

　　Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. (35%)1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English. (5%)

　　[k]: voiceless, stop, velar

　　[z]: voiced, alveolar, fricative

　　[w]: bilabial, approximant

　　[u:]: back, lax, rounded, high

　　[i]: front, tense, unrounded, high

　　2. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? (5%)

　　Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable. it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.

　　3. According to the ways antonyms differ, how many groups can we classify antonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. (5%)

　　Gradable antonymy Complementary antonymy Converse antonymy

　　4. Paraphrase the sentence “The boy saw the man with the telescope.” by drawing the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation. (10%) omitted

　　5. What are the four maxims of the CP? Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle: (10%)A: Where’ve you been?

　　B: Out. Quality maxims Quantity maxims Manner maxims Relation maxims