一、阅读判断 (共 10小题，共计20分)

　　Ⅰ. Reading Judgment (True or False) ( 20')

　　Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the following 10 questions. If the statement agrees with the information given in the passage. You choose A for True; and if statement contradicts the information given in the passage, you choose B for False.

　　Open Education

　　Today many people are concerned about improving classroom instruction. In the opinion of some people, open education will provide a solution to the problems. By contrast, critics of open education are sure it spells disaster in the classroom. Let us investigate this controversial subject and see what kind of judgment we can make.

　　Open education differs from traditional education in two major areas: how the teacher relates to the students, and how the teacher manages the classroom. These two aspects are closely related in that the teacher’s management of the classroom depends very much on how the teacher views the maturity of the students.

　　In traditional education, the teacher may feel that the students are not very grown up. Usually teachers are older than their students and thus teachers feel that because their students are younger and less experienced, their students do not know very much about the world. The teachers feel that they must tell the students what to do most of the time, and they feel obliged to make the students study specific things. By contrast, in open education, the teachers believe that the students are individuals first and students second. They expect the students to be responsible for the things that they do, just as adults are. The teachers believe that a student’s ideas and feelings are just as important as the teacher’s. Thus teachers in open education allow their students to decide what they want to do rather than require them to study specific subjects or to undergo a specific sequence of study. The teacher lets the student decide what to study and how much to study. It is very important for the teachers to show confidence in the student’s ability to make appropriate decisions for himself or herself.

　　Classroom management depends, then, on how the teacher feels about the student’s ability to make correct decisions. In the traditional classroom, the students are told what to do and when to do it. There is a list of things that the students must do to finish the class. The rules are made by the teacher, and the students must follow them even if they see no reason for the rules. By contrast, in open education, the teacher allows the individual students to choose what they will do at any given moment. Students do what interests them: they may study or talk, or do nothing at all, if they want to. There are no specific tasks the students must accomplish and no time limits either. Furthermore, there are no traditional rules made by the teacher. The only rules in an open classroom are rules concerning everyone’s safety. The students are allowed to discover subjects in the open classroom instead of being made to study them. We can really see that open education is a relatively complex idea.

　　Obviously there are some very good things about open education. This method of teaching allows the students to grow as people and to develop their own interests in many subjects. But many students will not do well in an open classroom. Some students encounter difficulty in adjusting to a classroom where there are too few rules. Without a ready-made structure, these students will do little or no work such students have a problem making choices for they simply because there are so many options available. Many students want rules in the classroom and tend to worry about the rules even when there are no rules. They feel helpless without an authority figure standing over them telling them what to do, how to do it, and when it must be done.

　　In theory, open education sounds very exciting. It would be wonderful to observe a classroom of students busily engaged in studying subjects of their own choosing, pursuing new subjects as the need arose, discussing their projects with one another or with their teacher who serves primarily as a resource person and helper. On the other hand, in contrast with a traditional classroom, the open classroom might appear chaotic with students moving about and perhaps holding noisy conversations that might interfere with another student’s concentration or still another student’s nap. Also it would be difficult to measure a student’s progress in any meaningful way.

　　Perhaps it is possible to adapt some of the ideas of an open education to a traditional classroom. Depending on the student’s need for rules, the teacher could provide a flexible schedule of activities, providing more structure for those students who work better in a structured atmosphere and less structure for students who can work independently. The teacher can also modify his or her behavior toward individual students, gradually encouraging the more dependent students to seek independence and to begin to take more responsibility for their own learning.

　　1. In the American Civil War, although the soldiers of both sides had much in common, they were quite different.

　　A. True B. False

　　2. The immigrants who came from Europe fought on the Union side for their settlement.

　　A. True B. False

　　3. Negroes on both sides were of equal importance in the army.

　　A. True B. False

　　4. Most of Negro soldiers on the Southern side, who were ex-slaves, were brave and able to fight in the war.

　　A. True B. False

　　5. Billy Yanks showed more interest in politics than Johnny Rebs owing to their better education.

　　A. True B. False

　　6. Since both Billy Yanks and Johnny Rebs were religious, they were alike in their religious attitude and activities.

　　A. True B. False

　　7. Most of the soldiers in blue, such as Cooke, intended to liberate the slaves.

　　A. True B. False

　　8. The reasons for fighting make the greatest difference between the Northern side and the Southern side.

　　A. True B. False

　　9. In their letters, most Rebs showed they fought for self-government, state rights, or “the Southern way of life” instead of slavery.

　　A. True B. False

　　10. Most Southerners were in favor of the abolition of slavery.

　　A. True B. False