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2017年中考英语语法专题详解三:介词、连词

来源 :中华考试网 2017-09-14

  介词、连词

  一. 介词

  1. 介词概述:介词表示它与后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。介词是虚词,不能单独做句子成分。介词在英语中用法很活,也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个,特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。

  2. 常用介词的意义和用法。

  ⑴ 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别:

  表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间;

  表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如:

  He was born on the night of May 10th.

  I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning.

  His glasses are on the desk.

  My brother is at the bus stop.

  ⑵ after与in表示时间的用法区别:“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于一般过去时态;“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如:

  He said that he would come back after 6:00.

  My father is coming back from Astralia in about a month.

  ⑶ since与for表示时间的用法区别:“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从…起一直到现在”,“for +(一段时间)”表示“持续一段时间”,都常用于完成时态;如:

  My father has worked in this factory since 1970.

  My father has worked in this factory for over 30 years.

  ⑷ by、in与with表示方式的用法区别:都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者;in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如:

  We write with our hands and walk with our feet.

  Please speak in English.

  Let’s go to the zoo by bus.

  It was invented by Adison.

  ⑸ about与on的用法区别:都可以表示“有关…”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示“有关…(专题/课程)”。如:

  Tom is going to give a speech on the history of China.

  They are talking about the English test.

  ⑹ through与across、over的用法区别: through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”; across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over. 如:

  Just then a kangaroo (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只袋鼠跑过路面)

  There is a bridge across/over the river.(河上有座桥)

  They climbed over the mountain and arrived there (他们翻过大山到达了那里)/

  The visitors went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)

  (7)as与like的区别:两个词都表示“像……”,但是as译为“作为……”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如:

  Let me speak to you as a teacher.(我以老师的身份和你讲话。)

  Let me speak to you like a teacher.(让我像一位老师一样和你讲话)

  (8)in front of 与in the front of:in front of“在…的前面”, 与in the front of“在…的前部”。如:

  A group of people was standing in front of the hall.

  In the front of the hall stood a group of people.

  (12)except与besides的区别:except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含;而besides“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅……又……”。如:

  Everyone went to the park except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了公园)(Tom没有去公园)/

  Besides maths he also studied many other subjects.(除了数学之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“数学”也是他学的功课之一)

  连词

  1.连词概述:连词是一种虚词,用于连接单词,短语或句子,但不单独做句子成分。按照连词的性质,可将连词分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词如:and,but,or,for等,它们即可连接单词,短语,又可连接句子。从属连词如:when,before ,because等,它们主要引导名词性从句。

  2.常见连词的用法:

  1)并列连词 的用法: 并列连词有:and, but, or, nor, so, for yet, however, as well as, both...and, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, still,

  And: 连接单词短语句子 。如:Tom and I study in the same school.

  But, or :I have a pen but no pencil. / Would you like coffee or tea?

  Nothing but除了,只有: I did nothing but watch it.

  Or表示否则:如: Hurry up or you will miss the train.

  for 表示后面的句子是原因。如: He is good at piano for he practices harder than others.

  Not only…but also 不仅…而且。可并列主、谓、宾、表及句子。主语并列时,谓语要就近一致。如: Not only he but also I am a nurse.

  As well as 以及,同样。并列单词、短语、句子。并列主语时,动词要随前面的主语变化 .如:He works as well as he can

  Either…or 既…又…,或…或…,并列主、谓、宾、表及状语 ,如:Either come in or go out.

  Neither…nor 既不…也不, 并列主、谓、宾、表、状语,并列主语时,谓语就近一致。如:Neither you nor he is lazy.

  Both…and 和,既…也,并列主、谓、宾及表语。I can speak both English and French.

  nor 也不,引导句子要倒装 。如:He can not play the piano, nor can I.

  so 因此,所以,不和because连用。如:You like swimming, so do I.

  1) 从属连词的用法: 从属连词有:after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, if, unless, because, than, that, whether, so that

  after 表示“时间”,在…之后。如:After I finished the school, I became a worker in the factory.

  Although/though 表示让步, “尽管”。如: Although she is young, she knows a lot.

  as 表示时间,“当…时”,方式“象…”,原因,“由于、因为”让步,“尽管、虽然” 。如: As it was rainy, we couldn’t go out now.

  As if/as though 表方式,“似乎、好像” 。如: He told us such a story as though he had been there before.

  As long as/so long as 表条件,“只要” 。如: As long as I am here, I’ll go to help you.

  As soon as 表时间,“一…就…”。如: I will call you as soon as I come back.

  because 表原因,“因为”。如: I have to practice more because I am not good at English.

  before 表时间,“在…之前’’ 。如: You should think more before you do it.

  Even if/ even though 表让步,“即使”。如: You should try again even if you failed.

  Hardly…when 表时间,“(刚)一…就”。如: Hardly I entered the gate when the bell rang.

  if “假如”,引导条件状语从句。如: We will stay at home if the rain doesn’t stop.

  “是否”,引导宾语从句。如; I don’t know if he goes shopping.

  In order that 表目的,“为了,以便”。如: We study hard in order that we can pass the exam.

  No matter +疑问词 表让步,“无论,不管”。如: No matter what you do, you should try your best.

  No sooner…than 表时间,“刚一…就…”。如: No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.

  once 表时间,“一旦…”。如: Once you read this book, you’ll never forget it.

  since 表时间,“自从…以来”.如: He has been in this city since he left school.

  表原因,“既然,由于” 。如: Since the job is dangerous, let’s do it more carefully.

  so far as/as far as 表条件,“就…而言,就…而论”.如:As far as I know, it is easy for you to speak in English.

  So that 表目的,“以便” 。如: Speak loud so that everybody can hear clearly.

  So…that 表结果“如此,以致”。如: He got up so early that he caught the early bus.

  than 表示比较,“比” 。如: Things were worse than we thought.

  unless 表条件,“除非,如果不” 。如: You will fail in the test unless you study hard.

  Until/till 表时间,“直到…为止” 。如: I’ll wait till my mother comes back.

  when 表时间,“当…时’’。如: When they got there, the train has left.

  whether “是否”引导名词性从句 。如: Whether he can come to see us is unknown.

  表让步,“不管/无论、是否”。如:Whether she is rich or poor, she is always happy.

  while 表时间,“当…时” 。如: While he was in Beijing, he visited the Great Wall.

  whenever 表时间,“无论什么时候”。如: Whenever you meet any trouble, tell me at once.

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