2017年中考英语语法复习:非谓语动词
来源 :中华考试网 2016-10-17
中非谓语动词
一、知识要点
1.不定式
不定式的基本形式是to+动词原形,但有时省略to。不定式的否定形式是not+不定式。不定式在句子中不能单独作谓语,但可以做主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。
①作主语:动词不定式作主语的时常用形式主语it放在句子的开头,将真正的主语不定式放在句子的后面。
To learn English is not easy. 学习英语不是很容易的。
It is very easy to climb that small hill. 爬那个小山是非常容易的。
②作表语:
Your job is to look after these babies. 你的工作是照看这些婴儿。
The most important things during the earthquake are to save lives.
在地震中最重要的事情是救人。
③作宾语:不定式作宾语时如果后面有宾语补足语,要把不定式放句未,宾语位置用it代替。
My teacher likes to play with the children. 我的老师喜欢和孩子们玩。
He feels it his duty to help others. 他认为帮助别人的责任。
④作宾语补足语:常用于want, wish, ask, encourage,order, tell, know, allow, help, advise, wait for等动词或动词短语后。
The doctor asked him to take off his coat. 医生让他脱掉外衣。
The father doesn’t allow his children to wear that kind of clothes.
这位父亲不允许他的孩子穿那样的衣服。
⑤作定语:不定式作定语通常放在被修辞的名词或者代词的后面。
Do you have anything to say for yourself? 你还有什么话要说吗?
⑥作状语:可以表示目的、结果、原因等。
I came here to see your mother. 我来这里是看望你的妈妈。
He is too young to help me. 他太小了还不能帮我。
注意:特殊疑问词+动词不定式:特殊疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后面用动词不定式。
I don’t know what to do next. 我不知道下一步该怎么办。
I asked the teacher how to learn English.我问老师如何学习英语。
动名词是由动词原形的后面加词尾-ing。和动词的现在分词一样,动名词具有动词和名词的特征。动名词的后面可以有宾语和状语。
Would you mind my smoking here? 我在这里吸烟你介意吗?
动名词在句子中可以作主语和宾语及定语等。
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看电视太多对你的眼睛有害。
I knew her at the waiting room in that hospital. 我在那家医院的候诊室里认识她的。
动名词作表语和现在进行时的结构一样,但它们的性质不一样。
My job is washing clothes. 我的工作是洗衣服。
My mother was washing clothes now. 我的妈妈正在洗衣服。
分词可以有现在分词和过去分词两种形式。现在分词是由动词原形+ing构成, 它既可以有动词的性质,后面可以跟状语和宾语。
Going down town (= When I was going down town,) I met a friend.
我去市区时遇到一个朋友。
现在分词有形容词的性质,可以在句子中作定语和表语等成分。可以有比较级形式,也可以用very等副词修饰。
Your father is a modest, understanding man. 你爸爸是一个谦虚并且能理解的人。
This story is very interesting. 这个故事非常有兴趣。
过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种形式,规则变化是在动词原形的后面加-ed,不规则变化请参照课本上不规则动词表。过去分词可以在句子中作定语、表语、状语等成分,和相关的名词是被动关系。
The glass is broken. 玻璃杯子坏了。
Don’t read in a moving car or bus. 不要在开动的汽车上读书。
Have you read the novel written by your father? 你看到你爸爸写的小说了吗?
①有些动词只能接不定式作宾语。如:agree (同意),offer (提出), plan (打算,计划) ,ask (要求),promise (答应),help (帮忙), prepare (准备),decide (决定),refuse (拒绝),dare (敢于),choose (选择),wish,hope(希望),want,would like (想要)等。
We all agreed to go to the zoo on Sunday. 我们都同意周日去动物园。
Do you want to go with us? 你想和我们一起去吗?
②有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语,初中常见的动词有:mind, finish, dislike, enjoy, keep, suggest等,另外在介词后面要用动名词作宾语如prevent sb. from, look forward to, succeed in,be used to(习惯于) 等这些短语后。
I enjoy playing the piano very much. 我非常喜欢弹钢琴。
We are looking forward to seeing you soon. 我们渴望不久以后见到你。
③有些动词接不定式和动名词作宾语都可以,但是有区别,
A.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做) remember doing记得做过某事 (已做)
Remember to go to the post office after school 记着放学后去趟邮局。
Don’t you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
B.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。(未做) forget doing 忘记做过某事。(已做)
The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)
C.stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事
The students stop to listen to their teacher.学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。
The students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话。
D.need to do 需要做…… 主动,主语为人。need doing 需要被做 被动,主语为物。
You need to get up early. 你需要早起。
The window needs cleaning. 窗户需要(被)擦了。
④有些动词接不定式和动名词作宾语都可以,意义基本一样:如like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue等。
A.like, love, hate, prefer 在英国英语中稍有区别,接 to do 强调一次性的动作,接doing强调习惯性的爱好。
I like singing, but I don’t like to sing for you.
B.begin与start本身为进行式时,后面接不定式。
He is beginning to see his mistakes. 他开始看到了他的错误。
① It is very difficult for you finish the work.
解析:本题是考查动词不定式作主语的用法。finish在句子中不是谓语,而是谈论的主题,是真正的主语,而it是形式主语,应该用不定式,所以把finish改为to finish。
② Eat a lot of vegetables is good for your health.
解析:本题考查动名词的用法,动词原形在句子中不能作主语,所以用动词不定式或者动名词作主语,所以把Eat改为Eating。
③ We have a lot of homework do today.
解析:本题是考查动词不定式作定语的用法,动词原形不能修饰名词homework,动词不定式可以在句子中作定语,表示“要做”,所以把do改为to do。
④ We have already seen the film direct by Zhang Yimu.
解析:本题是考查动词的过去分词的用法。direct不是句子的谓语,因为和前面的名词是被动关系,所以用过去分词在句子中作定语,修饰前面的名词。所以把direct改为directed。
⑤ The machines are made work at full speed.
解析:本题考查动词不定式作补足语的用法。make sb. do sth.变成被动句后要把不定式符号to加上。因此应该把work改成to work。
⑥ Thank you for help me.
解析:本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词后要接动词的ing形式,此处即动名词。所以应该把help改成helping。
① I remember to put down his telephone number. Oh, look! It’s here.
解析:本题考查动名词作宾语的用法。remember to do意思是“记住要做……”,而从第二句中看出是记下了他的电话号码,所以要把to put改为putting。
② Would you like coming my home for dinner?
解析:本题考查不定式的用法。would like 后要接不定式,不能接动名词。因此要把coming 改成 come。