中考英语阅读理解及其解题技巧
来源 :中华考试网 2014-10-29
中二、阅读理解题的方法和技巧
1.如何获取段落的主旨和大意?
最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章)通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此,理解一个段落
或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一篇短文或一个段落中,大部分主题句的情况有三种:
(1)主题句在段首或篇首。
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文大都采用先总述,后分述的叙事方法。
例如:2003年陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料B的第一段:
All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链)。
Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears
59. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?
A. Animals B. Plants C. Food Chains D. Living Things
评析:找出主题句即第一句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思,“地球上所有的生物要生存都离不开其它的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实,“大部分动物必须成群的生活,甚至一种植物也要和其它同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时一种生物杀死另一种生物,一种生物吃另一种生物,而另一种生物被吃”。在列举了大量的事实之后,作者指出:如果这些食物链中的一个链环消失,所有的食物都会断掉。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。
根据主题句的意思,我们可以很容易判断:
(2)主题句在段末或篇末。
用归纳法写文章时,往往表述细节的句子在前,概述性的句子在后,并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结,归纳或结论。例如2002年陕西省中考试题阅读材料A的最后一段:
If you buy some well-made clothes, you
can save money because they can last longer.
They look good even after they have been
washed many times. Sometimes some clothes
cost more money, but it does not mean that
they are always better made, or they always
fit better. In other words, some less expensive
clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.
评析:这段文章前面列举了两件事实:如果你买一些制作优良的衣服,你会省钱,因为这些衣服能穿得时间长一些。即使他们洗了很多次,仍然看起来很好。有时有些衣服花得前更多,但并不意味着这些衣服做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括:有些价钱便宜的衣服比价钱贵的衣服更好看,更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。
(3)无主题句
有时,一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢?其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思,各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的,或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。请看2004年江西省中考试题阅读理解A:
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.
Scientists could not control(控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.
Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.
Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.
在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理解题:
59. The best title of the passage is ____________.
A. How to make more honey B. Killer bees
C. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees
评析:这篇短文就没有主题句,那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢?按照上面的说明,我们可以得出
每一段的大意:第一段讲的是“killer bees”的产生。
第二段讲的是“killer bees” 的急剧增加。
第三段讲的是人们害怕“killer bees”的原因。
第四段讲的是“killer bees”已经杀死的人数和将来的
状况。
从这几段的大意可以看出这篇文章自始至终都是
围绕“killer bees”这一中心展开的。换句话说,“killer bees”就是这篇文章的主题。
2.如何根据上下文猜测词义?
猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词,只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(context),正如英语辞典所解释的,其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此,我们
可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义,即从已知推求未知,也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时,我们可以从三个方面来考虑:1)根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2)运用语法知识进行语法分析。
3)依靠常识和经验做出判断。
(1)根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理猜测义:
例1:甘肃省2002年中考英语试题阅读材料B:
A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”…. Now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.” 短文后面有一个理解题目:
John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he
________.
A. makes everyone know a secret
B. the woman bout a cat
C. buys a cat in the bag
D. sells the cat in the bag
评析:在这篇文章里,“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语,但紧接着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret”.