学科知识必备

　　核心语法

　　核心语法部分的考试难点聚焦在：动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词和主谓一致;三大从句：

　　名词性从句、形容词性从句、副词性从句;以及一些特殊结构：倒装、强调、虚拟语气和独立

　　主格。本章将从词法，句法和特殊结构三个方面讲解。

　　一、动词时态

　　第一节

　　词法部分

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　　习题演练

　　1. Our boss, Mr. Thompson, ______ a raise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet.

　　A. was promising B. has been promising

　　C. promised

　　D. has promised

　　2. By the middle of the 21st century, the vast majority of the world’s population ______ in cities rather

　　than in the country.

　　A. are living B. will be living

　　C. have lived D. will have lived

　　3. Even if his letter ______ tomorrow, it ______too late to do anything.

　　A. will arrive, is B. should arrive, were

　　C. arrives, will be D. arrives, would be

　　4. The train ______ when we hurried to the railway station.

　　A. has left B. left C. was left D. had left

　　5. You should have put the milk into the ice box, I expect it ______undrinkable.

　　A. became B. had become

　　C. has become D. becomes

　　6. — Did you expect Frank to come to the party?

　　— No, but I had hoped_____.

　　A. him coming B. that he comes C. that he would come D. that he had come

　　7. When he was alive, the old scientist used to say that knowledge ______ from practice and he gained

　　his experience by doing a lot of practical work.

　　A. was coming B. had come C. would come D. comes

　　8. The plane ______ at 7:00 p.m., so I have to be at the airport by 6:40 at the latest.

　　A. has left B. is to leave

　　C. will have left D. leaves

　　参考答案:BBCDCCDD

　　重点总结

　　1. 常考的动词时态和用法

　　【时态难点】

　　现在完成时

　　(1) 强调动作的影响

　　(2)强调动作或状态的延续

　　(3)强调动作的次数

　　I have got married.

　　I have been married for 10 years.

　　I have attended weddings many times.

　　现在完成进行时强调动作从过去开始到现在，还在继续延续下去。

　　We have been taking her class for more than 10 hours.

　　过去将来完成时强调对过去的猜测或者是遗憾，责备。

　　If you had prepared earlier, you would have passed the exam.

　　2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式

　　二、动词语态

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　　习题演练

　　1. It turned out that the children were not ______ for the accident.

　　A. to blame B. to be blamed

　　C. to be blaming D. blaming

　　2. Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ______ today and are being modified by the work of

　　scientists of our time.

　　A. are to challenge B. may be challenged

　　C. have been challenged D. are challenging

　　3. The bridge ______at the moment, so we had to take another way.

　　A. had been repaired B. was repaired

　　C. would have been repaired

　　D. was being repaired

　　4. — What do you think of the book?

　　— Oh, excellent. It is worth ______a second time.

　　A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read

　　5. ______good, the roast turkeys______ well.

　　A. Tasting, sell B. Tasted, are sold

　　C. They are tasting, sell D. They are tasted, sell

　　6. ______in 1955, Disneyland in California is regarded by many original fun parks.

　　A. Opened B. Having opened C. Opening D. Being opened

　　7. It is said that a new robot ______by him in a few days.

　　A. designed

　　C. will be designed

　　B. has been designed

　　D. will have been designed

　　8. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ________in broad daylight yesterday.

　　A. to be robbed

　　C. robbed

　　参考答案:ACDCAACB

　　B. to have been robbed

　　D. having been robbed

　　重点总结

　　1. 被动语态: 主语是动作的承受者：动词形式如图所示(以 make 为例)：

　　The Great Hall of People was built in 1959.

　　Your bicycle is being repaired.

　　The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in.

　　Your car is going to be mended in an hour.

　　2.不能用被动语态的几种情况

　　(1) 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中,因为没有宾语可以做被动

　　语态的主语。

　　A funny thing happened in our school.

　　(2) 表示状态的谓语动词，如：last, hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like,

　　consist of 等。

　　The room can hold 10 people.

　　This dress fits you very well.

　　(3) 表示归属的动词，如 have, own, belong to, possess 等。

　　She hasn’t got blue eyes.

　　Our boss possesses great wealth.

　　(4) 表示“希望、意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate 等。

　　We wish you a good journey.

　　You are wished a good journey by us. (wrong)

　　(5) 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。

　　They help each other.

　　He taught himself English at the age of 50.

　　(6) 有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义，特别是当主语是物时，常见的动词有 sell, taste,

　　smell, feel, sound 等

　　The book sells well. It tastes good.

　　(7) 宾语是主语(某人)身体的某一部分或器官的句子.

　　I cut my finger just now.

　　He shook his head.

　　He laid his hand on the table.

　　三、非谓语动词

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　　习题演练

　　1. Setting up a committee might be a way ______ the project more efficiently.

　　A. to be doing B. doing C. to do D. being done

　　2. He forgot about ______him to attend my wife’s birthday party.

　　A. I asking

　　B. my asking C. me to ask

　　D. mine to ask

　　3. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always ______ with other elements, most

　　commonly with oxygen.

　　A. being combined B. having combined C. to combine D. combined

　　4. More highways have been built in China, ______it much easier for people to travel from one place

　　to another.

　　A. making B. made C. to make D. having made

　　5. ______by the advances in technology, many housewives have set up small online businesses.

　　A. Being encouraged B. Encouraging

　　C. Encouraged D. Having encouraged

　　6. Please remain_____; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.

　　A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated

　　参考答案:CBAACB

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　　重点总结

　　定义：非谓语动词(Non-restrictive Verbs) 就是不用作谓语的动词)没有人称和数的变化。

　　包括动词不定式、动名词、分词三种。需要注意的地方如下：

　　(1) 只接不定式，不能接动名词作宾语的词如下：afford, agree, arrange, ask, care, choose,

　　decide, demand, determine, expect, fail, help, hesitate, hope, long(渴望)，manage, offer, plan,

　　prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish.

　　(2) 动名词可做动词的宾语和介词的宾语。常见只接动名词做宾语的动词和短语如下：

　　admit, advise, allow, avoid, cannot help, consider, delay, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine, keep,

　　keep on, mind, miss, put off, permit, practice, resist, suggest.

　　(3) 现在分词可以做时间状语、原因状语、结果状语、伴随状语、方式状语。

　　Having finished his homework, the boy was allowed to watch TV. (时间状语)

　　Living in the country, we had few amusements. (原因状语)

　　We opened the window, letting the fresh air in. (结果状语)

　　The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. (伴随状语)

　　Holding his head high, he walked past the enemies. (方式状语)

　　(4) 一些现在分词往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度和观点。常见

　　的有 generally speaking, strictly speaking, roughly speaking, broadly speaking, narrowly speaking,

　　judging from/by (由...判断)等。

　　(5) 过去分词在句中作状语表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等，相当于一个状语从句。

　　Seen under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six-pointed shape. (时间状语)

　　If given more time, he could have done the work much better. (条件状语)

　　The soldiers lay on the ground, covered with nothing. (方式状语)

　　The prisoners worked on the farm, watched by the guard. (伴随状语)