Municipal bans on smoking in restaurants and bars are highly
来源 :焚题库 2022-03-16
中The barkeeper and blogger who writes as “Scribbler50” was outraged when， in 2003， New York City enacted one of the first comprehensive smoking bans in bars and restaurants， “How can a guy and some board just kick us in the teeth like this? This smacks of fascism.” If people are aware of the consequences of smoking or visiting places with lots of secondhand smoke， Should the govemment really have to tell us what to do? Won’t people just vote with their feet and smoke even more when they’re at home and away from restrictions?
Scribbler50’s post inspired the physician who blogs as “PalMD” last week to look up the research on the effectiveness of smoking bans.He found several studies showing that not only did workers in restaurants and bars show improved health shortly after the bans were put in place, but smokers themselves also reduced the number of cigarettes they smoked.
Overall, however, smoking rates remain persistently high, despite the common workplace smoking bans.Can other government measures help these smokers live healthier lives, or at least prevent people from taking up the habit?
In the U.S., warning messages have been in place on cigarette packages for decades.But the messages are rather clinical, for example：“Smoking Causes Lung Cancer， Heart Disease， and May Complicate Pregnancy.” What if packages contained more dramatic wamings? In January， psychologist and science writer Christian Jarrett looked at a small study of smokers’ reactions to cigarette warnings. The researchers measured self-esteem in student smokers， then showed them cigarette packages with either death-related warnings （“Smokers die earlier”） or esteem-related warnings （“Smoking makes you unattractive”）. Students who derived self-esteem from smoking and saw the death-related warnings later viewed smoking more positively than those who saw the esteem-related wammgs. For students whose smoking wasn’t motivated by self-esteem， the eifect was reversed.
So not all anti-smoking messages are equal：Depending on who the message is directed at, a morbid warning on a cigarette label may actually backfire.
Scribbler50, for his part, is now a convert favoring smoking restrictions, at least in his narrow limits as a bartender.His patrons who haven’t quit smoking say they smoke a lot less now that they have to go outside to get a nicotine fix.He doesn"t miss emptying ashtrays，or the holier-than-thou customers who complained every time a fellow patron lit up, or working in a smoke-filled bar all night and going home “smelling like you put out a three-alarm”.
Would it be right to enact even more restrictions on smoking in the interest of public health? It’s hard to deny that banning smoking in public, indoor spaces has been a huge success.Why not try out some stronger smoking bans? Parents in some areas are already restricted from smoking in cars with children，but I haven’t seen a study that evaluates the success of those measures.Perhaps a state or municipality could try extending the ban to homes, with provisions for studying the results. It’s also possible that stronger measures would be counter-productive, like the stronger warnings on cigarette labels.Maybe we’ll decide that at some level deciding whether or not to smoke should still be an individual choice.Or maybe in a few generations, it won’t be necessary to regulate smoking: There won’t be any smokers left.
单选题第1题The word “municipal” underlined in Paragraph 1 means________.
A.governmental
B.organizational
C.cosmopolitan
D.institutional
参考答案：A
答案解析：词义界定。municipal出现在第一段第一句“Municipal bans on smoking in restaurants and bars are highly controversial”，大意是市政府在餐馆和酒吧禁烟引起了商度争议。假如有读者不认识municipal，从restaurants and bars可以判断其环境。如果依然不确定，可继续往下读。第二段提到了 New York City，就是市政府的例子。如果还不确定，可以继续读到这一句 “should the government really have to tell us what to do”，即是政府下令禁烟。
单选题第2题According to the passage, what is Scribbler50?
A.A physician.
B.A psychologist.
C.A science writer.
D.A bartender.
参考答案：D
答案解析：细节识别。根据第二段 “The barkeeper and blogger who writes as 'Scribbler50' …”可知，barkeeper and blogger共享一个定冠词the，说明酒吧老板和Scribbler50博主是同一人，故选D。
单选题第3题It can be inferred from the passage that the ban incurs great________in “Scribbler50”.
A.terror
B.anger
C.unrest
D.hostility
参考答案：B
答案解析：语义推理。第二段 “The barkeeper and blogger ... was outraged…”就点明了事情的状态，博主拍案而起（outraged）。大家认为这种方式太粗暴，有点法西斯的做派，显然表达了强烈的愤怒。
单选题第4题According to the passage，“Scribbler50” believes that________.
A.people drinking in the bar do not care about others' smoking
B.people drinking in the bar hope to ban smoking
C.people walk into the bar without knowing others9 smoking there
D.people smoking in the bar do not worry about drinking
参考答案：A
答案解析：语义推理。根据第二段 “If people are aware of the consequences of smoking or visiting places with lots of secondhand smoke，should the government really have to tell us what to do”可知，去酒吧的人们不在乎他人的二手烟，故选B。
单选题第5题According to the passage,________is NOT caused by smoking.
A.miscarriage
B.pollution
C.lung disease
D.heart attack
参考答案：B
答案解析：错误排除。第五段第二句讲的是烟盒上的警示语“Smoking Causes Lung Cancer，Heart Disease, and May Complicate Pregnancy”，其中，选项 A、C、D 均有，故选 B。
单选题第6题According to Christian Jarrett, which of the following signs can make a student motivated by self-esteem stop smoking?
A.Cherish Your Health and Stop Smoking.
B.Smoking Makes Your Heart Stop Beating Earlier.
C.Enjoy a Cigarette and Regret a Whole Life.
D.You Look More Charming Without a Cigarette.
参考答案：D
答案解析：细节识别。第五段末尾提到不同警示语的效果，根据“Students who derived self-esteem from smoking and saw the death-related warnings later viewed smoking more positively than those who saw the esteem-related warnings” 可知，有的学生从吸烟中获得了自尊，所以吸烟会致死的警示语对他们无效，但吸烟有损魅力的警示语却能击中要害，所以更有效。因此，选项D符合题意。
单选题第7题Which of the following statements is true of smoking restriction?
A.Municipal bans on smoking in restaurants and bars are effective.
B.Scribbler50 himself did some research on the effectiveness of the bans on smoking.
C.Christian Jarrett found the morbid signs on cigarettes play an important role among all
smokers.
D.The measure to restrict parents from smoking in cars with children is effective.
参考答案：A
答案解析：正误判断。第一段第一句就表明 “Municipal bans on smoking in restaurants and bars are highly controversial, but history shows they can also be highly effective”，所以选项A正确。第三段第一句 “Scribbler50"s post inspired the physician who blogs as "PalMD"last week to look up the research on the effectiveness of smoking bans”表明，Scribbler50的博文引发了禁烟效果的研究，不是该博主自己的研究，所以选项B错误；第五段“For students whose smoking wasn"t motivated by self-esteem，the effect was reversed"，表明，如果吸烟者不是因为博取自尊感而吸烟，吸烟有损魅力的警示语无效，但吸烟致死的警示语有效，即不同的警示语对不同的人群有效，故选项C错误。第八段提到当车内有孩子时禁止家长吸烟，但事实是 “but I haven"t seen a study that evaluates the success of those measures”，没有证据表明其成功，选项D错误。
单选题第8题The word “backfire” underlined in Paragraph 6 means to________.
A.go wrong
B.feed back
C.set fire
D.lift up
参考答案：A
答案解析：词义界定。根据第六段 “So not all anti-smoking messages are equal: Depending on who the message is directed at, a morbid warning on a cigarette label may actually backfire”
可知，并非所有禁烟信息有均等效果，取决于信息针对的对象，吸烟致病的警示语反而会……。通过大意，可以判断出省略号部分大意应该是“反效果”，即选项A。
单选题第9题What's the assumption of the author about smoking restriction according to the last paragraph?
A.People can try out some gentler smoking bans.
B.The municipality could try to extend smoking bans to homes.
C.It will not be a personal choice to decide whether or not to smoke.
D.It is still necessary to restrict smoking after several generations.
参考答案：B
答案解析：论点概括。最后一段第一句提出问题“Would it be right to enact even more restrictions on smoking in the interest of public health”，所以本段试图回答该问题。但作者并没有给出确定无疑的答案，只有段落中“Perhaps a state or municipality could try extending the ban to homes…”基本可以概括大意，与选项B吻合。此后各句的表述分别否定了选项A、C和D。
单选题第10题What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Scribbler50"s attitude toward smoking bans.
B.The research on people"s stopping smoking.
C.The effectiveness of smoking bans.
D.Smoking bans in restaurants and bars.
参考答案：C
答案解析：主旨大意。第一段提出了一个问题 “But are all smoking bans equally successful”，全文力图回答该问题。第二段以酒吧老板为例说明禁烟不受欢迎；第三段引用酒吧老板的博文引发的研究证明在餐馆和酒吧禁烟效果良好；第四段提出问题，吸烟率依然很高，需要其他手段协助；第五段和第六段表明烟盒上的警示语对有些人有效；第七段再次以酒吧老板为例证明人们对禁烟的态度有所转变；最后一段又提出问题，是否应该再接再厉以深化禁烟效果？并暗示政府可能扩大禁烟范围。综上，全文的主旨是禁烟效果，即选项C。
涉及考点
2020翻译三级综合能力考试大纲
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