According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding

　　the horizons of scientific knowledge. Science moves forward, they say, not so much　through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like

　　improved techniques and tools. In short, a leader of the new school contends (声称 ), the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a

　　series of instruments　that expanded　the reach of science in innumerable( 无数的 )　directions.

　　Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation　(创新 ) have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern　school that hails technology　argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell,　Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great　benefit from, craft information　and technological　devices of different kinds that were　usable in scientific experiments.

　　The core of the argument of a　technology-yes, genius-no　advocate was an analysis of

　　Galileo ’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived

　　from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky

　　put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609

　　he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that　the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. But the real hero of the　story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement　of machinery for making eyeglasses.

　　Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. Whether the

　　Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa ( 反之 ) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

　　1)

　　What leads to the expansion of science in terms of the new school of scientists?

　　A. The creative ideas of the great minds.

　　B. The scientific knowledge of the geniuses.

　　C. The improvement of ordinary tools and techniques.

　　D. The neglected force in scientific innovations.

　　2)

　　What is the nature of scientific revolution according to a leader of the new school?

　　A. It helps to invent a series of new instruments.

　　B. It is actually the result of the development of a series of instruments.

　　C. It pushes the science toward a particular direction

　　D. It has improved the techniques in innumerable directions.

　　3)

　　Why does modern school of scientists pay attention to the invention and improvement of

　　tools and technology?

　　A. Because they can be applied in scientific experiments.

　　B. Because they are greatly admired by scientists and inventors.

　　C. Because they are overlooked by historians and philosophers.

　　D. Because they can be served as a source of basic innovations.

　　4)

　　What can be inferred from the statement “the real hero of the story, …, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses”?

　　A. The role of Galileo at the start of the scientific revolution was underestimated.

　　B. Ptolemy was the first astronomer to elaborate the system of heavenly motions.

　　C. The improved technology and machinery contributed to Galileo’s great discovery.

　　D. Galileo proved that the sun rather than the earth is the center of the universe.

　　5)

　　What conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph?

　　A. The government ’s decision on its finance allocation is determined by its opinion on the　priority between science and technology.

　　B. The government has developed pure science at the expense of technology.

　　C. The government has attached more importance to technology than pure science.

　　D. The government will no longer increase the financial support to pure science.

　　参考答案：

　　1) C 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) A

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