Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people

　　depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. Under modern　conditions, this requires

　　varying measures of centralized control and　hence the help of

　　specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. Furthermore,　it is obvious that the strength of country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency　of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to　interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized (利用 )to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways,　including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of　education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or develop

　　resources hitherto ( 到目前为止 ) unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing

　　number of international

　　projects related to scientific and technological

　　manpower of all

　　kinds. Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are

　　feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments　are often forced to introduce still further innovations (创新 ) for the reasons given above. At　the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a　vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, in the early industrialized　countries of Europe, the process of industrialization

　　— with all the far-reaching changes　in social patterns that followed

　　— was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays　a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the　effect of building　up unusual pressures　and tensions

　　within the community　and　consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. Additional social　stresses may also occur because　of the population explosion　or problems arising　from　mass migration movements — themselves made relatively easy　nowadays by modern　means of transport.

　　As a result of all these factors, governments　are becoming　increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate　programs and putting them into effect.

　　1)

　　What is believed to directly affect the welfare of people according to the passage?

　　A. Varying measures of centralized control

　　B. Economic strength and wealth of the community.

　　C. Economists and operational research experts.

　　D. Help of specialized scientists. 2)

　　How can the governments do to promote the production?

　　A. By interfering in different sectors that can promote science and technology to ensure

　　smooth operation

　　B. By asking the scientists and technologists to improve efficiency.

　　C. By utilizing natural resources to the best advantage.

　　D. By changing the structure of education to train more scientists.

　　3)

　　What can be inferred from the development in mass-communications?

　　A. People are constantly changing their customs and ideas.

　　B. People always want something new and remarkable to feel better.

　　C. Governments are under greater pressure of bringing about new inventions.

　　D. Governments are often forced to keep up with new customs and ideas.

　　4)

　　What has posed pressures and problems for the governments concerned according to the

　　passage?

　　A. Social changes throughout the world are speeding up compared with the past.

　　B. The rate of social changes in the early industrialized countries is becoming slow now.

　　C. The far-reaching

　　changes in social patterns can be spread over in a developing

　　country within a decade.

　　D. The normal rate of social changes is taking place at a steady speed.

　　5)Why are governments

　　becoming

　　increasingly

　　dependent

　　on biologists

　　and social

　　scientists?

　　A. Because governments need to handle social stresses and problems.

　　B. Because governments want to learn from early industrialized countries.

　　C. Because governments have to make modern means of transport relatively easy.

　　D. Because governments need them for the industrialization of their own countries.

　　参考答案：

　　1) B 2) A 3) C 4) A 5) A

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