By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million ___1___ of these nations looked ___2___ to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence ___3___ the ideals of representative government, careers ___4___ to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the ___5___ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. ___6___ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a ___7___ set of laws.

　　On the issue of ___8___ of religion and the position of the church, ___9___, there was less agreement ___10___ the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one ___11___ by the Spanish crown. ___12___ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ___13___ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the ___14___ of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying ___15___ for the conservative forces.

　　The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had ___16___ in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s ___17___ colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much ___18___ because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies ___19___. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was ___20___ self-rule and democracy.

　　1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals

　　2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully

　　3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected

　　4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted

　　5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return(C)

　　6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally

　　(D)

　　7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical

　　8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform

　　9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover

　　10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by

　　11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded

　　12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While

　　13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against

　　14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence

　　15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish(B)

　　16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised

　　17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original

　　18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher

　　19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred

　　20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared for

　　答案

　　1. B2. D3. A4. C5. C

　　6. D7. B8. A9. B10. C

　　11. A12. D13. A14. C15. B

　　16. D17. C18. A19. B20. D

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