Section C

　　Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

　　More and more of the world’s population are living in towns or cities. The 26 at which cities are growing in the less developed countries is 27 . Between 1920 and 1960 big cities in 28 increased two and a half times in size, but in other parts of the world the growth was eight times their size.

　　The sheer size of growth is bad enough, but there are now also very 29 signs of trouble in the comparison of percentage of people living in towns and percentages of people working in industry, during the 30 century cities grew as a result of the growth of industry. In Europe, the proportion of people living in cities was always smaller than that of the 31 working in factories. Now, however, the 32 is almost always true in the newly industrialized world. The percentage of people living in cities is 33 the percentage working in industry. Without a base of people working in industry, these cities cannot pay for their growth. There is not enough money to build adequate houses for the people that live there, let alone the new arrivals.

　　There has been little 34 to build water supplies or other facilities. So the figures for the growth of towns and cities represent proportional growth of unemployment and underemployment, a growth 35 hopeless and despairing parents and starving children.

　　Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

　　More than forty thousand readers told us that they looked for in close friendships, what they expected of friends, what they were willing to give in ___36____, and how satisfied they were with the quality of their friendships. The results give little comfort to social critics.

　　Friendship appears to be a ___37____ form of human bonding. Unlike marriage or the ties that bind parents and children, it is not defined or regulated by law. Unlike other social roles that we are expected to ____38___ — as citizens, employees, members of professional societies and other ____39___ — it has its own principle, which is to ___40____ feelings of warmth, trust, love, and affection between two people.

　　The survey on friendship appeared in the March ___41____ of Psychology Today. The findings ____42___ that issues of trust and betrayal (背叛) are central to friendship. They also suggest that our readers do not ___43____ for friends only among those who are most like them, but find many who differ in race, religion, and ethnic(种族的)___44____. Arguably the most important ___45____ that emerges from the data, however, is not something that we found — but what we did not.

　　A) acting B) return C) unique D) cooperative

　　E) look F) especially G) conclusion H) organizations

　　I) confirm J) promote K) projects L) background

　　M) issue N) technology O) play

　　Section B

　　Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in out of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.

　　Media Selection for Advertisements

　　A) After determining the target audience for a product or service, advertising agencies must select the appropriate media for the advertisement. We discuss here the major types of media used in advertising. We focus our attention on seven types of advertising: television, newspapers, radio, magazines, out-of-home, Internet, and direct mail.

　　B) Television is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? You can understand the power of television to communicate with a large audience. When advertisers create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with the brand and its image. Television provides an ideal vehicle for this type of communication. But television is an expensive medium, and not all advertisers can afford to use it.

　　C) Television's influence on advertising is fourfold. First, narrowcasting means that television channels are seen by an increasingly narrow segment of the audience. The Golf Channel, for instance, is watched by people who play golf. Home and Garden Television is seen by those interested in household improvement projects. Thus, audiences are smaller and more homogeneous (具有共同特点的) than they have been in the past. Second, there is an increase in the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus, advertisers. This has also resulted in an increase in the sheer number of advertisements to which audiences are exposed. Third, digital recording devices allow audience members more control over which commercials they watch. Fourth, control over programming is being passed from the networks to local cable operators and satellite programmers.

　　D) After television, the medium attracting the next largest annual ad revenue is newspapers. The New York Times, which reaches a national audience, accounts for $1 billion in ad revenue annually. It has increased its national circulation (发行量) by 40% and is now available for home delivery in 168 cities. Locally, newspapers are the largest advertising medium.

　　E) Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer, more detailed message to their audience than they can through television. Given new production techniques, advertisements can be printed in newspapers in about 48 hours, meaning newspapers are also a quick way of getting the message out. Newspapers are often the most important form of news for a local community, and they develop a high degree of loyalty from local readers.

　　F) Advertising on radio continues to grow. Radio is often used in conjunction with outdoor billboards (广告牌) and the Internet to reach even more customers than television. Advertisers are likely to use radio because it is a less expensive medium than television, which means advertisers can afford to repeat their ads often. Internet companies are also turning to radio advertising. Radio provides a way for advertisers to communicate with audience members at all times of the day. Consumers listen to radio on their way to school or work, at work, on the way home, and in the evening hours.

　　G) Two major changes—satellite and Internet radio—will force radio advertisers to adapt their methods. Both of these radio forms allow listeners to tune in stations that are more distant than the local stations they could receive in the past. As a result, radio will increasingly attract target audiences who live many miles apart.

　　H) Newsweeklies, women’s titles, and business magazines have all seen increases in advertising because they attract the high-end market. Magazines are popular with advertisers because of the narrow market that they deliver. A broadcast medium such as network television attracts all types of audience members, but magazine audiences are more homogeneous. If you read Sports Illustrated, for example, you have much in common with the magazine’s other readers. Advertisers see magazines as an efficient way of reaching target audience members.

　　I) Advertiser using the print media-magazines and newspapers will need to adapt to two main changes. First, the Internet will bring larger audiences to local newspapers. These audiences will be more diverse and geographically dispersed (分散)than in the past. Second, advertisers will have to understand how to use an increasing number of magazines for their target audiences. Although some magazines will maintain national audiences, a large number of magazines will entertain narrower audiences.

　　J) Out-of-home advertising, also called place-based advertising, has become an increasingly effective way of reaching consumers, who are more active than ever before. Many consumers today do not sit at home and watch television. Using billboards, newsstands, and bus shelters for advertising is an effective way of reaching these on-the-go consumers. More consumers travel longer distances to and from work, which also makes out-of-home advertising effective. Technology has changed the nature of the billboard business, making it a more effective medium than in the past. Using digital printing, billboard companies can print a billboard in 2 hours, compared with 6 days previously. This allows advertisers more variety in the types of messages they create because they can change their messages more quickly.

　　K) As consumers become more comfortable with online shopping, advertisers will seek to reach this market. As consumers get more of their news and information from the Internet, the ability of television and radio to get the word out to consumers will decrease. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that audience members remember.

　　L) Internet advertising will play a more prominent role in organizations' advertising in the near future. Internet audiences tend to be quite homogeneous, but small. Advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach these audiences and will have to adapt their persuasive strategies to the online medium as well.

　　M) A final advertising medium is direct mail, which uses mailings to consumers to communicate a client's message. Direct mail includes newsletters, postcards and special promotions. Direct mail is an effective way to build relationships with consumers. For many businesses, direct mail is the most effective form of advertising.

　　46. Television is an attractive advertising medium in that it has large audiences.

　　47. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that are easy to remember.

　　48. Compared with television, newspapers as an advertising medium convey more detailed messages.

　　49. Magazines are seen by advertisers as an efficient way to reach target audiences.

　　50. Advertising on radio continues to grow because it provides easy access to consumers.

　　51. Out-of-home advertising has become more effective because consumers travel more now than ever.

　　52. With the increase in the number of TV channels, the number of TV ads people can see has increased.

　　53. Newspaper ranks the second among all the media which attract annual ad revenue.

　　54. Direct mail is an effective form of advertising for businesses to develop relationships with consumers.

　　55. Internet advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach audiences that tend to be quite homogeneous, but small.

　　Section C

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

　　In Britain there is a National Health Service (NHS) which is paid for by taxes and National Insurance, and in general people do not have to pay for medical treatment. Every person is registered with a doctor in his or her local area, known as a general practitioner (全科医生) or GP. This means that their names are on the GP’s list, and they may make an appointment to see the doctor or may call the doctor out to visit them if they are ill. People sometimes do have to pay part of the cost of drugs that the doctor prescribes. GPs are trained in general medicine but are not specialists in any particular subject. If a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, they must first go to their GP and then the GP will make an appointment for the patient to see a specialist at a hospital or clinic.

　　Although everyone in Britain can have free treatment under the NHS, it is also impossible for him to have treatment done privately, for which he has to pay. Some people have private health insurance to help them pay for private treatment. Under the NHS, people who need to go to hospital may have to wait for a long time on a waiting list for their treatment. Anyone who is very ill can call an ambulance(救护车)and get taken to hospital for free urgent medical treatment. Ambulances are a free service in Britain.

　　56. In Britain, the National Health Service refers to____________.

　　A) a local hospital

　　B) a medicine supplier

　　C) a medical care system

　　D) an insurance company

　　57. Under the National Health Service, British citizens _________.

　　A) are all registered with a general practitioner

　　B) do not need to buy private health insurance

　　C) can only go to see a general practitioner

　　D) cannot call in a general practitioner

　　58. People buy private health insurance in order to ___________.

　　A) pay for the ambulance service

　　B) receive free urgent treatment

　　C) see a general practitioner

　　D) have private treatment

　　59. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

　　A) People in Britain do not have to pay for any kind of medical care.

　　B) People in Britain may wait long for their free medical treatment.

　　C) In Britain you have to pay for ambulance service.

　　D) British private medical insurance is free.

　　60. What is this passage mainly about?

　　A) Private medical care in Britain.

　　B) Roles of general practitioners.

　　C) Taxes and free medical care.

　　D) Health services in Britain.