The cohesiveness(内聚力 ) of a family seems to rely on members sharing certain routine prac- tices and events. For a growing share of the American labor force, however, working shifts beyond the normal daylight hours--what we here call "shift work"--makes the lives of families difficult.

　　Existing re.search shows that both male and female shift workers express high levels of stress and a sense of conflict between the demands of work and family life. But shift work couples still maintain a traditional attitude to the meaning of marriage and the individual roles of husband and wife. They expressed a willingness to do "whatever it takes" to approximate their view of a proper marriage,in- cluding sacrificing sleep and doing conventional things at unconventional hours. For the majority of couples interviewed, even when wives worked outside their homes, a proper marriage is character- ized by a very clear division of roles: husbands are "providers" whose major responsibility is to sup- port the family ;wives arc "homemakers" who clean, cook, and care for husbands and children.

　　The women's definitions of a "good husband" are typified by the following wife's response:

　　I expect him to be a good provider, and be there when I need him, loyal about the same things as he would expect out of me,expect that I expect him to dominate over me. But in a manner of speak- ing, wben it' s time to be a man I expect him to stand up instead of sitting back expecting me to do everything.To husbands,a good wife is someone who is:

　　Understanding of what I feel go through at work. I need that respect at work,I hope I get it al work. I want my wife to realize what I expect at work. I don' t want her to give me a lot of shil when I come home from work because I don' t know if this makes much sense.

　　These views seemed critical to maintain the families of the shift workers.

　　31. Despite , shift work couples still hoped to maintain a stable life.

　　[ A ] traditional beliefs about marriage

　　[ B ] Jack of control over time

　　[ C ] a very clear division of roles

　　[ D ] the demands of work

　　32. From the selection, we can conclude that female shift workers were NOT satisfied with

　　[A] their work

　　[ B ] their children

　　[ C ] their husbands' inability to protect the family and provide companionship

　　[D] leisure activities

　　33. What is implied by the author?

　　[ A 1 Shift work had a direct effect on the attitudes and behavior of family members.

　　[ B ] Shift workers could live a normal life.

　　[ C] Shift work couples had unconventional ideas about marriage.

　　[ D ] Female shift workers were satisfied with the time spent together with their families.

　　34. In order to continue the marriages of the shift workers,

　　[ A] wives must learn to care for the children when their husbands are absent

　　[ B ] shift work couples must administer their time and activities

　　[ C ] wives mustn' t adapt their own feelings of boredom to their husbands'

　　[ D ] all of thesework

　　35. The best title for this paragraph is

　　[ A ] Constructing Family Life

　　[ B ] Managing Time and Activities

　　[ C ] The Meaning of Marriage

　　[ D ] Living a Normal Life