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　　Labor force is defined as being the total number of people who are available to work and earn income. This definition includes everyone who is employed or seeking paid employment,so it includes employees and the self-employed. Labor is one of the country's resources which can be combined with other resources to produce the goods and services required by the community. .

　　Though the size of the workforce relies greatly on the size of the total population,there are several other aspects which also affect it. The age distribution of the total population has a very marked effect on the available workforce. If the population has a high proportion of very young people or of those too old to work,then the available workforce would be lower than if there were an evenly spread age distribution.If the population grows rapidly from natural increase,i. e. the number of births greatly exceeds the number of deaths,then as a total population increases, the proportion in the workforce declines.

　　Sometimes a population is described as aging,which means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly,and as people retire from the workforce, there are inadequate numbers of young people entering it to take place of those who are leaving it. The population is top-heavy with older people. So the percentage of the population in the workforce declines when there is either a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate. '

　　The age distribution of the population has several important influences on the economy. If the population is aging and there is an increase in the number of people retiring without a corresponding increase in the number entering the workforce,this raises the problem of the ability of the economy to provide a reasonable level of social services to the retired group. If the aged are to be cared for in special homes or hotels,finance must be available for that purpose. If the size of the workforce is small relative to the total population,then the government tax receipts are relatively low and either the govemment has less money available to it or the workforce members have to be taxed more heavily.

　　56. Labor force is composed of .

　　[A] people who are available to work and earn income

　　[B] self-employed people only

　　[C] only those who are looking for an employment

　　[D] only the employees

　　57. The factor which does NOT influence the size of the worldorce is _ .

　　[A] the size of population

　　[B] age distribution of the population

　　[C] national economy

　　[D] natural increase

　　58. The conclusion which can be drawn safely from the second paragraph is that _

　　[A] a population growth from natural increase leads to a greater proportion of the work-force

　　[B] a large population does not necessarily mean a higher proportion of workforce

　　[C] the larger the number of the aged in a population,the higher the proportion of the workforce

　　[D] if the population has an evenly spreaded age distribution,the workforce will be lower

　　59. When a population is said to be aging,_ .

　　[A] more people are retiring than people entering the workforce

　　[B] the birth rate is growing '

　　[C] there is an oversupply of workforce

　　[D] young people outnumber old people

　　60. The population which is top-heavy with older people poses a problem to _ .

　　[A] the government [B] the economy

　　[C] the workforce [D] all of the above