第三部分：阅读理解(共 15 小题;每小题 2 分，满分 30 分)

　　请阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　A

　　56. According to the Code, visitors should act _______ .

　　A. with care and respect

　　B. with relief and pleasure

　　C. with caution and calmness

　　D. with attention and observation

　　解析：推理判断题。纵观全文可知，本文介绍了去新西兰旅游中的注意事项，根据关键词“be considerate, be careful, take care”等可推知游客的行为应体现出关爱和尊重。故选A项。

　　答案：A

　　57. What are you encouraged to do when travelling in New Zealand?

　　A. Take your own camping facilities.

　　B. Bury glass far away from rivers.

　　C. Follow the track for the sake of plants.

　　D. Observe signs to approach nesting birds.

　　解析：细节理解题。根据小标题“Keep to the track”下内容可知，在新西兰旅游时，为了减少破坏植物的可能，鼓励游客顺着路走。露营设施是提供好的，排除A项;B偷换主体，埋藏的是toilet waste，而非glass;D项偷换概念，observe no smoking signs，而非observe signs to approach nesting birds。故选C项。

　　答案：C

　　B

　　In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.

　　Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration(含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.

　　Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.

　　Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box an

　　d packaging(包装) it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production, distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start — for instance

　　, buying reusable products and recycling.

　　In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive(动机) for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?

　　Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫) that encased your television?

　　From the governments’ point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.

　　58. By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us that _________ .

　　A. the weight of e-goods is rather small

　　B. E-waste deserves to be made good use of

　　C. natural minerals contain more precious metals

　　D. the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste

　　解析：推理判断题。文章第一段告诉我们，每年有大量废弃电子产品被随意丢弃。紧接着第二段首句提出：电子设备中含有有用的金属，如金和银，并用Swiss study佐证这一观点，因此可以推知电子垃圾值得充分利用。故选B项。

　　答案：B

　　59. The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended _________ .

　　A. from producers to governments

　　B. from governments to producers

　　C. from individuals to distributors

　　D. from distributors to governments

　　解析：细节理解题。文章第六、七、八三段围绕“生产者责任延伸”展开的，最后一段做了总结，根据“…a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.”可知B项正确，是对该句的同义压缩。故选B项。

　　答案：B

　　60. What does the passage mainly talk about?

　　A. The increase in e-waste.

　　B. The creation of e-waste.

　　C. The seriousness of e-waste.

　　D. The management of e-waste.

　　解析：主旨大意题。纵观全文，文章先描述了电子产品被随意丢弃这一现象，接着指出电子垃圾的可用价值和潜在风险，主要是由于对电子产品的管理不善造成的，最后呼吁政府和生产商对此承担一定的责任。故选D项。

　　答案：D

　　C

　　Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’

　　s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.

　　Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

　　People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.

　　Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.

　　Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.” Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can he

　　lp strengthen role identity”.

　　61. People volunteer mainly out of ______.

　　A. academic requirements

　　B. social expectations

　　C. financial rewards

　　D. internal needs

　　解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容可知人们做志愿者工作的原因为：“to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. ”，在结合“If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate.”可知答案为D项(满足内在需求)。

　　答案：D

　　62. What can we learn from the Florida study?

　　A. Follow-up studies should last for one year.

　　B. Volunteers should get mentally prepared.

　　C. Strategy training is a must in research.

　　D. Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.

　　解析：推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中“training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”可知志愿者应该从心理上做好充分的准备。故选B项。

　　答案：B

　　63. What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?

　　A. Individual differences in role identity.

　　B. Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.

　　C. Role identity as a volunteer.

　　D. Practical advice from researchers.

　　解析：细节理解题。根据第五段第二句中“those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.”可知志愿者身份认同会激励他们继续从事志愿者工作。故选C项。

　　答案：C

　　64. What is the best title of the passage?

　　A. How to Get People to Volunteer

　　B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors

　　C. How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest

　　D. How to Organize Volunteer Activities

　　解析：标题归纳题。文章首段提出假设：假如你是一名组织领导人，很想得到志愿者的帮助。并指出在此之前，必须弄清志愿者为什么自发地去服务社会，并通过3个实验研究志愿者的意图。因此A项(如何使人们从事志愿者服务)是文章的最佳标题。

　　答案：A

　　D

　　Freedom and Responsibility

　　Freedom’s challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic. We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.

　　Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom. Before that there was no freedom. There were great civilizations, splendid empires, but no freedom anywhere. Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies, one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.

　　In Greece, in Athens (雅典), a little city in a little country, there were no helpless masses. And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed, and the unwritten, which must be obeyed if free men live together. They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which

　　life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert. The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted. A man was free if he was self-controlled. To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom. They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair. Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens, not because it was forced on him from the outside, but because the city was his pride and his safety. The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.

　　But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance, a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenian’ s pride and joy to give to their city. That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work. Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object, ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.

　　Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility. There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.

　　But, “the excellent becomes the permanent”, Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world. A great American, James Madison, referred to: “The capacity(能力) of mankind for self-government.” No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that man’s thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.

　　65. What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

　　A. Countries where their people need help.

　　B. Powerful states with higher civilization.

　　C. Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.

　　D. Governments ruled with absolute power.

　　解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句子后半句“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses”可知tyrannies是指拥有绝对统治权的政府。故选D项。

　　答案：D

　　66. People believing in freedom are those who________ .

　　A. regard their life as their own business

　　B. seek gains as their primary object

　　C. behave within the laws and value systems

　　D. treat others with kindness and pity

　　解析：细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知，雅典人之所以能自由的生活在一起，是因为他们能够自愿在法律规定和价值体系下一起从事活动。故选C项。

　　答案：C

　　67. What change in attitude took place in Athens?

　　A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.

　　B. The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.

　　C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.

　　D. The Athenians looked on the government as a business.

　　解析：细节理解题。根据第四段内容可知，雅典人后来态度发生了改变，因为他们开始认为政府应该为他们的劳动付费，给他们提供舒适的生活，而个人的自律和责任意识变得淡薄。故选A项。

　　答案：A

　　68. What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?

　　A. Athens would continue to be free.

　　B. Athens would cease to have freedom.

　　C. Freedom would come from responsibility.

　　D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.

　　解析：句意理解题。根据第五段第三句“If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free.”可知唯一的结果就是雅典人不再享有自由。故选B项。

　　答案：B

　　69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?

　　A. The author is hopeful about freedom.

　　B. The author is cautious about self-government.

　　C. The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.

　　D. The author is proud of man’s capacity.

　　解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world. ”及“Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroy it.”可知作者并没有因此而失去信息，相反对自由充满了希望。故选A项。

　　答案：A

　　70. What is the author’s understanding of freedom?

　　A. Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.

　　B. Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.

　　C. Freedom should have priority over responsibility.

　　D. Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.

　　解析：观点态度题。作者通过雅典人对自由态度变化的对比，得出自由需要责任的保证这一结论。故选D项。

　　答案：D