Directions:

　　In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the lish A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices that do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

　　As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-Avesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period.

　　(1) __________

　　He argued that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society.

　　Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples.

　　(2) __________

　　For example, an expression like "maiden dawn" for "sunrise" resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her.

　　Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the distant past.

　　(3) __________

　　Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The Golden Bough. According to Frazer’s scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces (magic), later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation (science).

　　The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1889), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith’s work, Frazer came to believe that many myths had their origin in the ritual practices of ancient agricultural peoples, for whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance.

　　() __________

　　This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth.

　　Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core-whether the seasonal cycles of nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves.

　　(5) __________

　　[A] German-born British scholar Max Müller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India-the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology. M?ller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena.

　　[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called, was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.

　　[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths-like dreams-condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.

　　[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tylor organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages.

　　[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottolob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths (instead of fibula, meaning "fable") to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.

　　[F] German scholar Karl Otfried M? ller followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825).

　　Sample One

　　1.F 2.A 3.D .B 5.C

　　分析

　　本文是一篇介绍19世纪神话研究发展的文学艺术理论型文章。

　　译文

　　当从其他文化获得的资料越来越多时，欧洲的学者逐渐认识到神话传统的极大复杂性。尤其有价值的是像《薄伽梵歌》和《亚吠陀》这样的古印第安和伊朗经文提供的证据。这些来源很清楚地说明了神话人物变化多样, 不仅有地理区域的不同，也有历史时期的差别。

　　德国学者卡尔•奥特弗雷德•缪勒在其1825年出版的《科学神话绪论》一书中遵循了这种研究思路。[F]

　　他认为， 希腊有关珀尔塞福涅的相对简单的神话反映了初级农业社会人们的忧虑，而后来在荷马史诗中发现的更复杂的神话则是较发达社会的产物。

　　学者们也试图以某种方式把全世界各种各样的神话联系起来。从18世纪晚期到19世纪早期，为了解释欧洲和近东各种各样语言之间的惊人相似性，对语言的比较性研究导致假设母语的重构。学者们作出结论，认为这些语言属于一种印欧语系。研究神话的专家也在探求一种共同神话，这种神话可能衍生了欧洲所有民族的神话。

　　德裔英国学者麦克斯•缪勒得出结论：现存的用印欧语记载的量古老作品，古印度的《梨俱吠陀》文集反映的是最初阶段的印欧神话。穆勒把后来的所有神话归结为人们的误解，这些误解源于早期人们用来描述自然现象的生动语言。[A]

　　比如，用"少女般的黎明"来表示"日出"最初使得黎明人格化，后来演变成有关少女的神话。

　　19世纪末期，英国的自然学家查尔斯•达尔文提出的进化理论对神话的研究产生了重要影响。学者们研究神话的历史，就像他们为了寻找遥远的古代遗迹而钻研化石沉积的地质构造一样。

　　在英国人类学家爱德华•伯纳德•泰勒的作品中可以发现这种方式。在他1871年出版的《原始文明》一书中，泰勒把人类的宗教和哲学发展系统地分成单独的不同的进化阶段。[D]

　　同样，英国的人类学家詹姆士•乔治•弗莱齐在《金枝》一书中提出了一个"三阶段进化体系"。根据弗莱齐的体系，起初人们把自然现象归结为反复无常的超自然力量(魔法)，后来把它们解释为上帝的意愿(宗教)，最后，把它们归类为理性的研究(科学)。

　　英国学者威廉•罗伯逊•史密斯1889年登载于《有关闪族人的宗教的演讲》一文中的研究也对弗莱齐产生了影响。通过史密斯的作品，弗莱齐开始认为，许多神话源于古代农业社会人们的宗教仪式习惯，对这些人来说，植物的年轮意义非凡。

　　这种方法被英国学者简•艾伦•哈里森发展得充分，并逐渐被称为"神话和宗教仪式理论"。应用从法国社会学家埃米尔•德克海姆的作品中获得的见解，哈里森认为，所有神话都源于一个社会的集体宗教仪式。[B]

　　这种方式在英国人类学家A•R•拉德克利夫•布朗所谓的结构--功能主义中达到了极点，他认为，每一种神话都预示着一种宗教仪式，而每一种宗教仪式也暗示着一种神话。

　　18世纪和19世纪有关神话的大多数分析表现出一种把神话还原为本质核心的内容的趋势--不管是自然的季节性循环、历史环境，还是宗教仪式。一旦叙述中的想象成分被剥离后，留下的可能就是核心内容。在20世纪，研究人员开始更密切地关注叙述本身。

　　奥地利心理分析家西格蒙德•弗洛伊德认为，神话就像梦一样，浓缩了经验素材，并用象征的方式表达出来。[C]

　　干扰项[E] 这个时期里进行的研究在德国学者克里丝汀•海尹的作品中得到巩固，他是第一个用拉丁词myths(而不是fibula，意思是"神话")来表示英雄和神的故事。