分词

　　分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一, 包括现在分词和过去分词两种。分词可以在句中作状语及定语。

　　(一)现在分词与过去分词的区别

　　现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上,现在分词(除被动式外)表示主动意思, 过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上, 现在分词表示动作正在进行, 过去分词则表示动作已完成。

　　developing countries(发展中国家)

　　developed countries(发达国家)

　　the touching tale(动人的传说)

　　the touched audince(受感动的观众)

　　(二)现在分词的用法

　　现在分词可在句中作定语和状语。

　　1. 作定语

　　现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前:

　　This is a pressing question.

　　这是一个紧迫的问题。

　　He asked an embarrassing question.

　　他提了一个令人难堪的问题。

　　现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后:

　　There were no soldiers drilling.

　　现在分词短语一般皆置于其修饰的名词之后:

　　A little child learning to walk often falls.

　　The men working here are all from the rural areas.

　　2. 现在分词用作状语

　　现在分词及其短语从表意的角度看, 也可用作状语, 表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。其动作可能发生在谓语动词之前或之后, 也可能与谓语动的动作同时发生。

　　(1)表示时间

　　Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view.

　　He went out shutting the door behind him.

　　强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时, 现在分词之前可用连词when或while:

　　When leaving the airport, they waved again and agin to us.

　　While flying over the Channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be a meteorite.

　　(2)表示原因

　　Being sick, I stayed at home.

　　She caught cold sitting on the grass.

　　(3)表示条件

　　Adopting this method, we will raise the average yield by 40 percent.

　　Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his cottage.

　　(4)表示让步

　　Admitting what she has said, I still think that she hasn’t tried her best.

　　(5)表示结果

　　It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that country.

　　It rained for two weeks on end, completely ruining our holday.

　　(6)表示方式或伴随情况

　　He ran up to her breathing heavily.

　　Please fill in the form, giving your name, address, etc.

　　(三)过去分词的作用

　　1. 作定语

　　过去分词可以作定语。如果是单词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前，例如：

　　Did you pay a visit to the tomb of the unknown soldier?

　　2. 作状语

　　(1)时间状语

　　Heated,the metals expands

　　When seen through a telescope,the sun appears darker near the edge

　　(2)表示原因

　　Born and bred in the countryside, he was bewildered by the big city.

　　Overcome with surprise, she was unable to utter a word.

　　(3)表示条件

　　United,we stand;divided,we fall.

　　Given more time,I’ll do it better.

　　(4)表示让步

　　Considered as a building material,wood is not very strong.

　　Badly involved in the accident,the car is still running.

　　(5)表示方式或伴随

　　He came back,utterly exhausted.

　　United as one, the people of the whole country are striving for greater successes in socialist construction.

　　(四)分词独立结构

　　It being a holiday, I went fishing.

　　Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow.

　　The plan having been approved of, what is most important is to carry it out.计划被批准后，最重要的是付诸实施。

　　She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast.她凝视着，双手交叉在胸前。

　　Generally speaking, we now live in a comparatively peaceful an rich world.

　　Judging from what you said, he is a stone-hearted person.

　　He fell asleep with the lamp burning

　　The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing.