Things in the henhouse changed practically overnight when McDonald’s announced in 1999 that it would no longer buy eggs from producers who didn’t meet its guidelines for care of chickens. Those guidelines included limiting the 1 of birds that could be kept in one 2 and prohibiting beak removal, 3 trimming just the tips.

　　Once McDonald’s had 4　the way in issuing animal care guidelines for the company’s suppliers, many other giants of the fast-food industry rapidly followed 5　, including Burger King, Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, Wendy’s, A and W and KFC. Now, the American Meat Institute has 6 welfare guidelines and audit 7 for cattle, pigs, and chickens. And the European Union, representing our foreign customers, is also 8 in with, among other things, legislation banning. 9 use of crates to house pregnant sows, 10 in 2013.

　　Questions about animal care 11 with the explosive growth in large-scale livestock farms, 12 spurred customers to complain about animals being treated as “factory parts”. That spurred ARS and the livestock industry to take a proactive approach to addressing animal　13　issues, making sure that guidelines are based on facts 14 through scientific research. The goal is to share research findings with the retail food industry and others so that the livestock industry can improve its 15 guidelines.

　　Ten years ago, to 16 these concerns, ARS started a research program on livestock behavior and stress. The scientists involved were tasked with finding out whether modern farming practices were 17 stressing animals. And if so, could scientific methods be developed to measure this stress so that 18 could be evaluated objectively rather than subjectively?

　　A decade later, the 19 answer is “yes” to both questions, Many had expected the answer to be “no” on both counts, but science works independently 20 people’s opinions.

　　1. A. amountB. number C. figureD. sum

　　2. A. cageB. caveC. caseD. cart

　　3. A. but forB. except forC. aside fromD. away from

　　4. A. pavedB. changedC. ledD. opened

　　5. A. suitB. stepC. setD. super

　　6. A. adaptedB. adopted C. approvedD. accepted

　　7. A. bookletsB. pamphletsC. brochuresD. checklists

　　8. A. measuringB. weighingC. consideringD. thinking

　　9. A. prolongedB. proceededC. programmedD. progressed

　　10. A. efficientB. effectiveC. effusiveD. elective

　　11. A. raisedB. roseC. aroseD. pose

　　12. A. who B. whatC. whichD. how

　　13. A. health B. lifeC. wealthD welfare

　　14. A. decidedB. determinedC. provedD. tested

　　15. A. voluntaryB. revolutionaryC. preliminaryD. necessary

　　16. A. expressB. addressC. suppress D. compress

　　17. A. unduly B. unequallyC. unfortunatelyD. unfavorably

　　18. A. performancesB. programsC. problems D. practices

　　19. A. sequentialB. initialC. essentialD. financial

　　20. A. ofB. onC. byD. with