1、Lawyers protesting about cuts don't attract the same level of public support as doctors and nurses.What goes on in the courts is not widely understood,and most people do not expect to neecl a publicly funded lawyer in the way that they rely on hospitals.Nevertheless,access to justice is a fundamental democratic right,and the chaos and failure unfolding across the legal system as the result of cuts should concern everyone who cares about justice.Research carried out by civil servants and published in May after it was leaked shows that the disruptive effect of legal aid cuts in England and Wales has spread from the civil courts to the criminal courts:where increasing numbers of clefendants are appearing without legal advice or representation,as a consequence of changes including new means tests.More than half of juclges questioned for the study voiced concerns about defendants not understanding that a guilty plea could lead to a reducecl sentence.The government knows there is a problem.not least because the王950m reduction in the legal aid bill in 2016,compared with 2010,was more than twice as much as it expected.But ministers have already clelayed far too long in the face of clear evidence that cuts in the family courts have been harmful.Official figures show that the proportion of plaintif{s and defendants with legal representation fell from 60%in 2012 t0 33%in the first quarter of last year,and it is not uncommon for one party in a civil case to be represented by a lawyer while the other is not.Some sensible changes have already been suggested in a review commissioned by the Labour party last year.These include a loosening of the criteria for legal aid eligibility to include all cases involving children,and representation for families in inquests where the state is already funding one party such as the police-which represents an essential rebalancing of justice's scales.The report also made the not unreasonable suggestion that law should be taught in schools.Avoiding costly lawsuits by encouraging people to treat court as a last resort sounds reasonable,and some of the consequences of the cuts were no doubt unintended.But the"simpler"and"more responsive"system promised by the Conservative justice secretary Ken Clarke when embarking on these cost-saving measures in 2010 now looks like wishful thinking at best.The current justice secretary,David Gauke,must act to restore confidence in a damaged system.Legal aid began in the UK in the 1940s with the rest of the welfare state.In the US,a defendant's entittement to a lawyer in a criminal case is enshrined in an amendment to the constitution.While the rules in the UK may lack this constitutional underpinning,people are still entitled to access to justice-including lawyers paid for with legal aid. Legal aid cuts fail to raise much public concerns partly because

　　A unlike doctors,lawyers have a bad reputation.

　　B most people lack enough legal knowledge.

　　C lawyers'protests are less reported by the media.

　　D the chaotic legal system is totally disappointing.

　　正确答案：B  

　　答案解析：第一段①句首先说明现象：律师对“法律援助预算削减”的抗议获得的公众支持不多。②句说明两方面原因：法律事务大多数人不懂、公设辩护人(即法律援助的重要一环)大多数人很少需要。B.符合其中之一“大多数人对法律缺乏足够了解”。[解题技巧]A.利用人们对律师职业的偏见干扰，文中将律师与医生护士相比较意不在说明谁更受尊重，而是对比公众的需求度，以解释为何人们关注医疗政策却不关注法律政策。C.由段末unfolding(展开、披露)主观臆断”媒体之前报道不足.故人们鲜少关注”。D.将③句the chaos and failure.…across the legal system所体现的作者呼吁“法律体系的混乱应引发担忧/关注”歪曲为“公众对混乱的法律体系已不抱希望”。

　　2、The information commissioner gave Facebook a rap over the knuckles earlier this month,putting the company on notice of likely fines-the equivalent of a few minutes'revenue-for breaches of privacy.On Wednesday the European commission gave Google a vigorous correction,fining it￠4.3 billion for abusing its market dominance with the AndrOJd operating system which powers the overwhelming majority of the world's mobile phones.Google is appealing.The billions of euros at stake aside,it is easy to see why.Google gives most of Android away,not only to the consumers who use it,but to the companies that build their phones around it.As the company points out,there are more than 24,000 competing Android phones available today,from 1,300 companies.How can that possibly constitute a harmful monopoly?Besides,Google has real competition in the smartphone world from Apple.At the same time,these are exactly the factors that make the commission's decision so interesLing and significant.For Google's business to work,it must become as easy as possible for advertisers to reach users.That is the purpose of all the software that Google gives away,from the Android operating system,through to YouTube,Google search on phones and the Chrome browser.This might look like a cross-subsidy,but on the other hand it is the heart of the company's business.The software that Google gives away is not designed to make a profit on its own.This free version does not include the bits that make a phone useful for anything but making telephone calls,and this was the weak spot in Google's defence.None of the enticements-the mail,the search,the maps and the browser-are included.These can only be used with a proprietary chunk of software that Google controls;and manufacturers who want to use the Play store and 11 crucial Google apps must agree not to build so much as a single phone that does not include them.It is all or nothing.This licensing trick is the way in which Google has undoubtedly limited competition.The commission's decision to punish it probably comes too late to undo the damage it has done.All digital businesses tend towards a monopoly,and this is in part because in some important ways they benefit consumers more the larger they grow.Yet as customers we pay for this in other ways and as citizens even more so,not least because the companies fattened by monopoly profits grow too large to fail and too powerful to challenge.There is a public interest in preventing any company from acquiring almost unlimited power.Regulation defends democracy. The phrase"a rap over the knuckles"(I.ine l.Para.1)is closest in meaning to

　　A a not-very-severe punishment.

　　B a nol-very-correci explanaiion.

　　C a heavy fine.

　　D a false charge.

　　正确答案：A  

　　答案解析：第一段①②句结构均为“主干十伴随状语”，主干中的关键信息可依靠起补充说明作用的状语推出。①句状语指出;信息专员警告脸书因侵犯隐私可能面临罚款(likely fines)(暗含“罚单实际并未开出”之意);②句通过具体罚款数额介绍谷歌被严惩(a vigorous correction)的事实。结合两句可推知脸书受到处罚比谷歌轻，且实际并未被开出罚单.A.a not-very-severe punishment最为接近所考词a rap over the knuckles的含义。[解题技巧]B.按字面意思理解②句的correction，并错误推导出①句是“委员作出了不太正确的解释”.②句是“委员会提出了修正”。但两句话涉及的对象并非同一家公司，照此理解不合逻辑。C.源自②句“罚款43亿欧元”，但这是对谷歌而非脸书的处罚。D.同样曲解了correction的含义，臆断出处罚谷歌”正确”，指控脸书“错误”。注：文中correction为熟词辟义，意为“处罚，惩罚”，根据上下文可推知此义。

　　3、Lawyers protesting about cuts don't attract the same level of public support as doctors and nurses.What goes on in the courts is not widely understood,and most people do not expect to neecl a publicly funded lawyer in the way that they rely on hospitals.Nevertheless,access to justice is a fundamental democratic right,and the chaos and failure unfolding across the legal system as the result of cuts should concern everyone who cares about justice.Research carried out by civil servants and published in May after it was leaked shows that the disruptive effect of legal aid cuts in England and Wales has spread from the civil courts to the criminal courts:where increasing numbers of clefendants are appearing without legal advice or representation,as a consequence of changes including new means tests.More than half of juclges questioned for the study voiced concerns about defendants not understanding that a guilty plea could lead to a reducecl sentence.The government knows there is a problem.not least because the王950m reduction in the legal aid bill in 2016,compared with 2010,was more than twice as much as it expected.But ministers have already clelayed far too long in the face of clear evidence that cuts in the family courts have been harmful.Official figures show that the proportion of plaintif{s and defendants with legal representation fell from 60%in 2012 t0 33%in the first quarter of last year,and it is not uncommon for one party in a civil case to be represented by a lawyer while the other is not.Some sensible changes have already been suggested in a review commissioned by the Labour party last year.These include a loosening of the criteria for legal aid eligibility to include all cases involving children,and representation for families in inquests where the state is already funding one party such as the police-which represents an essential rebalancing of justice's scales.The report also made the not unreasonable suggestion that law should be taught in schools.Avoiding costly lawsuits by encouraging people to treat court as a last resort sounds reasonable,and some of the consequences of the cuts were no doubt unintended.But the"simpler"and"more responsive"system promised by the Conservative justice secretary Ken Clarke when embarking on these cost-saving measures in 2010 now looks like wishful thinking at best.The current justice secretary,David Gauke,must act to restore confidence in a damaged system.Legal aid began in the UK in the 1940s with the rest of the welfare state.In the US,a defendant's entittement to a lawyer in a criminal case is enshrined in an amendment to the constitution.While the rules in the UK may lack this constitutional underpinning,people are still entitled to access to justice-including lawyers paid for with legal aid. In the last paragraph,the author calls on the UK government to

　　A improve access to justice.

　　B reorganize welfare department.

　　C promote lawyers'status.

　　D amend the constitution.

　　正确答案：A  

　　答案解析：第六段③句指出，英国宪法中虽没有关于法律援助的条例，但是人们仍然有权获得公正待遇。由此可知，作者认为英国政府应当改善目前的法律援助状况，使人们得到公正待遇’A.正确。[解题技巧]B.利用首句welfare staie设障，但原文仅说明英国福利制度的实施时间，无关“福利部门重组”。C.将文意重点“(涉及律师的)法律援助”篡改为“律师自身地位”。D.将作者说明“美国宪法有法律援助相关条例而英国没有”的目的“强调英国民众也需法律援助/公正待遇同样重要”错解为“提议修改英国宪法”。

　　4、Americans of a"certain age"abound at the upper levels of American governance.President Trump is the most obvious example.Just over half of US senators wrll be 65 0r older by the end of this year.On the Supreme Court,five of rtine justices are over 65.These"senior citizens"make crucial decisions for the majority of Americans younger than them.Just eight decades ago,when the Social Security system began,65 was codified as the start of"old age".Now many people of that age may feel in the prime of life.Measured by years alone,Americans are on average getting older.A popular notion is that a war is brewing between generations-young working Americans resenting that they must pay more into SociaJ Security and Medicare to support an expanding group of older Americans.There's truth in that sentiment.I,ast year,there were 25 people over 65 for every 100 people between 18 and 64.And the worker-to-retiree ratio is projected to be even worse by 2030.But that idea is being challenged.To begin with,programs like Social Security and Medicare can be adjusted,as ihey have in the past.while certain trends,such as Americans delaying full retirement,could alter the projections.A pair of new government reports show that funding for Medicare will run out in 2026.The Social Security trust fund will dry up by 2034.Despite these warnings,modest fixes are available,including making small changes in the age of eligibility that recognize lengthening life spans.Even that step may not be needed.By one estimate,increasing the Social Security payroll tax by 2.88 percentage points could eliminate the expected revenue shortfall for another three-quarters of a century.But actuarial tables,however useful for government planning,shouldn't impose artificial limits on what older Americans do.Aging isn't what it used to be.Today,75-year-olds on average will live just as many additional years as the average 65-year-old did in 1952.Categorizing by age can be just as harmful as by gender or race.Labeling people by an age category is a receiit phenomenon.The idea of being"middle aged"wasn't popularized until after World War I.Marketing continues to classify Americans by calendar years,walling off the beneficial effects of older and younger people rubbing shoulders.Companies are beginning to consider age diversity to be as important as racial and gender diversity.Some observers suggest businesses try the"shoe test":Look under desks.If everyone's wearing the same kind of shoes-whether wingtips or slipper-the business would benefit from more diversity.Today,suggests one expert,Americans have an opportunity to make a"fresh map of life itself",throwing off outworn ideas about aging.Policies that encourage older Americans to expand the possibilities of their"senior years"will help change limited perceptions and benefit all of society. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

　　A Shock of gray:how we can fill the pension gap.

　　B Shifting views of seniors:less burden,more asset.

　　C An aging society:challenges,as well as opportunities.

　　D Young Americans:how to make a fresh map of life?

　　正确答案：B  

　　答案解析：文章首段先提出现象“年长者在发挥着重要作用”。第二、三段反驳流行看法，指出“老年人不会成为年轻人的负担”。第四、五段进一步指出“对人们贴以年龄标签有害，公司应注重年龄多样化、积极雇佣年长者，并从中受益”。最后一段总结指出”我们应抛弃关于年龄的旧有看法”。可见本文论述重点为“改变对年长者的看法”，将其视为“财富”而非“负担”.B.为恰当标题。[解题技巧]A.与第三段内容相符，但无力涵盖全篇。C.偏离文章论述重点：虽然文中提到老龄化社会带来的挑战和机遇，但论述重点在于：“否定”老龄化社会所带来的“挑战”，“强调”年长者的“作用”，两者并非并列关系。D.利用末段首句make a“fresh map of life itself”设置干扰，但文章的重点在于“劝告人们重新绘制生命之图(抛弃对年龄的旧有看法)”而非“教导年轻人如何绘制生命之图”。

　　5、Americans of a"certain age"abound at the upper levels of American governance.President Trump is the most obvious example.Just over half of US senators wrll be 65 0r older by the end of this year.On the Supreme Court,five of rtine justices are over 65.These"senior citizens"make crucial decisions for the majority of Americans younger than them.Just eight decades ago,when the Social Security system began,65 was codified as the start of"old age".Now many people of that age may feel in the prime of life.Measured by years alone,Americans are on average getting older.A popular notion is that a war is brewing between generations-young working Americans resenting that they must pay more into SociaJ Security and Medicare to support an expanding group of older Americans.There's truth in that sentiment.I,ast year,there were 25 people over 65 for every 100 people between 18 and 64.And the worker-to-retiree ratio is projected to be even worse by 2030.But that idea is being challenged.To begin with,programs like Social Security and Medicare can be adjusted,as ihey have in the past.while certain trends,such as Americans delaying full retirement,could alter the projections.A pair of new government reports show that funding for Medicare will run out in 2026.The Social Security trust fund will dry up by 2034.Despite these warnings,modest fixes are available,including making small changes in the age of eligibility that recognize lengthening life spans.Even that step may not be needed.By one estimate,increasing the Social Security payroll tax by 2.88 percentage points could eliminate the expected revenue shortfall for another three-quarters of a century.But actuarial tables,however useful for government planning,shouldn't impose artificial limits on what older Americans do.Aging isn't what it used to be.Today,75-year-olds on average will live just as many additional years as the average 65-year-old did in 1952.Categorizing by age can be just as harmful as by gender or race.Labeling people by an age category is a receiit phenomenon.The idea of being"middle aged"wasn't popularized until after World War I.Marketing continues to classify Americans by calendar years,walling off the beneficial effects of older and younger people rubbing shoulders.Companies are beginning to consider age diversity to be as important as racial and gender diversity.Some observers suggest businesses try the"shoe test":Look under desks.If everyone's wearing the same kind of shoes-whether wingtips or slipper-the business would benefit from more diversity.Today,suggests one expert,Americans have an opportunity to make a"fresh map of life itself",throwing off outworn ideas about aging.Policies that encourage older Americans to expand the possibilities of their"senior years"will help change limited perceptions and benefit all of society. Which of the following best represents the author's view?

　　A The worry about an aging society is in fact groundless.

　　B The new government report-s find little support.

　　C Delaying full retirement is a dangerous tendency.

　　D Issues arising from an aging society can be tackled.

　　正确答案：D  

　　答案解析：第三段指出，“人口老龄化将会给年轻人形成巨大的经济负担”这一看法正受到挑战：虽然政府报告警告“医保资金和社保基金数年之后将会枯竭”，但可以通过温和乎段进行解决，甚至无需推迟退休年龄，只需将社会保障工资税增加2.88%就可以填补未来75年的缺口。可见D.正确。[解题技巧]A.对第三段首句But that idea is being challenged断章取义，该内容说明“对老龄化社会的担忧可以解决”.且文中指出“担忧有据可依”(政府报告已警告社保基金枯竭，劳动者VS退休者之比确实在变糟)。B.错误理解⑤句转折之后信息：该内容并非指“政府报告不实、缺乏根据”，而是指“尽管有这些警告，但问题可以修复解决”。C.将Americans delaying full retirement，could alter the projections(“推迟完全退休趋势”有助于改变“老龄化将导致社保枯竭”这一预测)错误理解为“推迟完全退休是一种危险的趋势”。

　　☛☛☛进入2022年研究生考试练习题库>>>更多考研试题(每日一练、模拟试卷、历年真题、易错题)等你来做!