1[问答题]Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.

　　First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?(1)I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底的)way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.(2)His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

　　This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist, for one.(3)I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in every-day performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.(4)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.

　　The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.(5)They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and illustrious thoughts,”as Emerson would say, is something else.

　　参考答案：美国的知识分子真得被排斥，并且人们真得认为他们对社会没有一点价值了吗?我认为事实并非如此。布鲁克贝格尔神父曾道出部分真相，他认为是知识分子排斥了美国。但是知识分子的所作所为 还不止这些。他们已经渐渐对自己知识分子的角色感到不满。反对知识分子的人正是他们自己，而不是美国(社会)。

　　我们要先对研究对象进行定义。何谓知识分子?(1)我将知识分子定义为这样的人：他把对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考作为自己人生的主要任务和乐趣。他自觉、清晰、坦诚地探索道德问题。首先，他提出事实层面的问题，然后提出道德层面的问题，最后根据他掌握的事实和道德层面的信息提出看上去合适的行动建议。(2)他的职责与法官的职责相似，必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展现引导自己做出决定的推理过程。

　　这个定义将很多通常被称为知识分子的人排除在外，比如普通的科学家。(3)我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管他们的成就可能有助于解决道德问题，但他们承担的任务只不过是研究道德问题的事实方面。像其他人一样，他们在履行日常职责时也会遇到道德问题一一比方说，他们不应该伪造实验、捏造证据，或篡改报告。(4)但是，普通科学家的首要任务并不是思考支配其行为的道德规范，正如我们并不指望商人把精力用于探究商业行为准则一样。在其清醒的大部分时间里，科学家将自己的行为准则视为理所当然的事，正如商人将自己的职业道德视为理所当然一样。

　　这个定义也把大多数教师排除在知识分子的范畴之外，尽管事实上，教书在传统上一直是许多知识分子谋生的手段。(5)多数教师可能教得很好，而且不仅仅为了挣薪水，但他们大多数人却很少或没有对涉及道德判断的人类问题进行独立思考。这个说法甚至适用于大多数声名显赫的学者。精通人类知识的某个分支是一回事;而“心系公众和卓越的思考”(爱默生语)，又是另外一回事。

　　2[问答题]It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism.(1)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene.(2)In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.

　　Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market.(3)This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

　　Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.

　　(4)Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice—that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.

　　In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs.(5)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say, “United we stand, divided we fall”—and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity”, a unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.

　　参考答案：在欧洲历史上这个具有非 凡意义的阶段，讨论大众传媒所发挥的作用绝非易事。历史与新闻发生混淆，人们对大众传媒的感受往往既怀疑又乐观。(1)电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家联结在一起，其作用之大，前所未有。如今正在形成的欧洲格局无非是由它的民族、文化和民族认同感所构成的。明白了这一点，我们就可以开始分析欧洲电视业了。(2)像在其他地方一样，欧洲的多媒体集团已经日益成功：这些集团将相互协作的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社结合在一起。意大利的一个例子是贝卢斯科尼集团，而我们能够想到的国外集团有马克斯韦尔和默多克。

　　显然，在这样一个丰富多彩、竞争激烈的市场，只有规模最大、最灵活的电视公司才有竞争力。(3)仅这一点就足以表明，在电视行业中生存下来并非易事，统计数字也突显了这一事实，统计数字显示，1989年在80家欧洲电视网中，多达一半出现了亏损。

　　此外，欧洲共同体的融合将迫使电视公司在制作与发行方面进行更密切的合作。

　　(4)不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲特色”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择——也就是在欧洲制作出为欧洲服务的节目。这就需要减少我们对北美市场的依赖，因为他们的节目中所涉及的经验和文化传统与我们的不同。

　　为达到这些目标，我们必须更加关注联合制作、新闻交流、文献服务和培训。这还需要欧洲各国之间达成协议，创建一个欧洲电视节目制作银行，这个银行可仿照欧洲投资银行的模式，处理与节目制作成本相关的财务问题。(5)在应对如此规模的挑战时，我们可以毫不夸张地说：“团结则存，分裂则亡。”如果我不得不选择一个口号的话，它将是“多样性中的统一”，既有一致的目标，又尊重每个国家的不同特点。

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