1、ver the course of the past three decades,the A has become the most common grade given out on Amerrcan college campuses.In 2015,42 percent of grades were top marks,compared to 31 percent in 1988.1.But another,related force-a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called"grade forgiveness"-is helping raise grade-point averages.Different schools'policies can work in slightly different ways,but in general,grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade,and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GP A.(Both grades still appear on the student's transcript.)The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years,as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school(and paying tuition)and improve their graduation rates.According to a forthcoming survey by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers,a trade group,some 91 percent of undergraduate colleges and 80 percent of graduate and professional schools permit students to repeat courses to improve a grade.2.But now most colleges,save for many selective campuses,allow all undergraduates,and even graduate students,to get their low grades forgiven.3.Indeed,there seems to be demand for do-overs."Students are asking for it,"said Jack Miner,Ohio State University's registrar and executive director of enrollment services."We're attracting and retaining stronger students and there's more competition to get into majors and graduate schools,and a small change in their GPA can help."College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty."Ultimately,"Ohio State's Miner said,"we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the contenl that allows them to graduate on time."That said,there i.s a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges'own needs as well.4.And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students-who,at the end of the day,are paying the bill-feel they've gotten a betler value for their tuition dollars.which i.s another big concern for colleges.Indeed.grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers'expectations for higher education.5.On this,students'and colleges'incentives seem to be aligned. 1选? A.When this practice first started decades ago,it was usually limited to freshmen,to give them a seconcl chance io take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.

　　A.This lrend of grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education,in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.

　　B.This.trend of the dominance of the A began in the 1960s,abated somewhat in the'70s and came back strong in the'80s.The previous signs of academic disaster.

　　C.and F,went by the wayside in the Vietnam era,when dropping out meant becoming eligible for the draft.

　　D.Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job,it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be.

　　E.One concern highlighted by this phenomenon is that lenient policies undermine the traditional work ethic by teaching students that performance doesn't really matter,because there's always another chance.

　　F.The rise of grade forgiveness scans as yet another instance of colleges treating students as customers to be satisfied-similar to campus amenities such as luxurious dorms,splendid recreational facilities,and cornucopian dining halls.

　　G.For public institutions,state appropriations are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention-so better grades can,by boosting figures like those,mean more money.

　　正确答案：B  

　　答案解析：空格上文列数据介绍过去三十年来的一种趋势“大学评分时A变得越来越普遍”，下文指出平均绩点变高的另一因素“分数宽恕”政策及该政策的基本内容。由空格下文another.…force.…is he/ping raise grade-point averagcs可推知空格处介绍了平均绩点变高的一大原因。B.中is often considered a product of.…暗表因果，指出分数膨胀趋势的一大原因在于高等教育已经步人消费者时代，与空格下文另一原因并列，同时This trend of grade inflation-lhc gradual increase in average GPAs over the past few decades是对首段提出的现象的概括和指代，故[B]衔接空格前后内容，为正确项。[排除干扰]C.项虽可与首段形成“由今溯昔”的说明顺序(the past three decacles/2015/1988-1960s/'70s/'80s;This trend of the dominance of the A呼应the A has become the most common grade.指代首段现象“大学评分A越来越普遍”)，但无法与空格下文aliOthcr.…force衔接

　　2、If you look for the most visited websites in the world,what you find is a list of sites owned by western corporalions,confirmation of the degree to which the web has been capturecl by the corporate world.1.The idea that a significant encyclopedia could be created by allowing anyone to create pages on any topic seemed pretty improbable way back in 2001 when it was introduced by Jimmy Wales.That it could have evolved into the world's leading general reference work-and the fifth most visited website on the planet-is truly extraordinary.Since its establishment,it's been the butt of jokes,a focus for academic anger.2.Indeed,in specialist areas,Wikipedia pages are often written by experts and are usually the best places to gain an informed and up-to-date overview.Because Wikipedia is so vast and varied,the controversies it engenders have traditionally been about its content and rarely about its governance,which is a pity,because in some ways this is the most significant aspect of the project.3.Wikipedia's governance is a clever mix of technology,norms and processes.It started with the wiki technology invented by Ward Cunningham,which allowed anyone to write and publish live web pages,together with an acceptance that while"truth"might be unattainable,nevertheless achieving what it called"a neutral point of vrew"was a worthwhile aspiration.4.From the beginning,Wikipedia had a core of volunteer editors who shared common values and some substantive expertise.And sitting atop this structure was a founder,Jimmy Wales,who operated as a kind of benevolent dictator and an arbiter of last resort.From a contemporary perspective,though,the most significant design decision was that every page would have a public discussion page attached to it,which meant that there would be a record of all the arguments that had led to particular changes.Reading Wikipedia discussion pages provides a way of understanding how a particular proposition or assertion came to be made and how it evolved over time.5.But in a polarised political climate,it shows what can be done to preserve us from the madness of hysterical,uncivil,conspiracist discourse that now characterises social media.Which,among other things,explains why Susan Wojcicki.YouTube's CEO,recently announced that the video site will henceforth use excerpts from Wikipedia to counteract videos romoting conspiracy theories.This,wrote one commentator,"is,at first glance,odd.A megacorporation with billions of dollars and thousands of brilliant employees is...relying on a volunteer-run platform anyone can edit to fact-check information?"It is odd.But it's also a validation of Wikipedia's mission and a reminder of its importance. 2选?

　　A.There were no gatekeepers-anyone could create a page on any subject-but the technology,which enabled rapid reversion to a pre-edited version,provided an effective antidote to vandalism.

　　B.The political events of the last two years should have alerted us to the fact that Wikipedia had to invent a way of tackling the problem that now confronts us at a global level:how to get at some approximation to the truih.

　　C.Mainiaining"the neutral point of view"is relatively easy when writing about science topics or otherwise objectively verifiable subjects.But in other topics,such as politics and hisiory,bias and controversy inevitably arise.

　　D.There is,however,one single ray of light in this depressing list.For there,in fifth place.is the antithesis to all of that:a site that embodies the potential of the internet to harness the collective intelligence of humanity-Wikipedia.

　　E.In June 2006,Roy Rosenzweig,a professor specializing in American history,stated that Wikipedia often fails to distinguish important from trivial details,and does not provide the best references.He also complained about Wikipedia's lack of"persuasive analysis and interpretations,and clear and engaging prose".

　　F.There was one moment when the vice-chancellor of a top university made a dismissive remark about Wikipedia,only to have a world-teading chemist in the audience icily retort that the pages on his speciality were the most up-to-date summary currently available anywhere-because he wrote them.

　　G.It's like reading the transcript of an argument that has gone on for a long time-an attempt to track rationality in action.Like every other human-made thing,it s imperfect.

　　正确答案：F  

　　答案解析：空格前指出”维基百科自创立以来就备受学术界蔑视与指责”;空格后说明事实“维基百科网页常由专家撰写，信息新而可靠”，且incleed(实际上，更确切地)体现句间递进关系，故推测空格句是对“学术界质疑维基百科”的反驳，体现“维基百科上，专业性内容真实可靠且为最 新进展”之意。F所述作者经历既可承接上文，例证“学术界人士常蔑视、指责维基百科”，又可引出下文“(不只是事例中知 名化学家会亲自撰写维基百科网页)实际上，大多维基百科网页都是专家撰写的”。[排除干扰]E介绍“一位研究美国历史的教授对维基百科的种种指责”，虽可承上呈现“学术界对维基百科的质疑之声”，但无法与下文“维基百科专业性内容新而可靠.学术界指责没有道理”顺滑衔接。

　　3、If you look for the most visited websites in the world,what you find is a list of sites owned by western corporalions,confirmation of the degree to which the web has been capturecl by the corporate world.1.The idea that a significant encyclopedia could be created by allowing anyone to create pages on any topic seemed pretty improbable way back in 2001 when it was introduced by Jimmy Wales.That it could have evolved into the world's leading general reference work-and the fifth most visited website on the planet-is truly extraordinary.Since its establishment,it's been the butt of jokes,a focus for academic anger.2.Indeed,in specialist areas,Wikipedia pages are often written by experts and are usually the best places to gain an informed and up-to-date overview.Because Wikipedia is so vast and varied,the controversies it engenders have traditionally been about its content and rarely about its governance,which is a pity,because in some ways this is the most significant aspect of the project.3.Wikipedia's governance is a clever mix of technology,norms and processes.It started with the wiki technology invented by Ward Cunningham,which allowed anyone to write and publish live web pages,together with an acceptance that while"truth"might be unattainable,nevertheless achieving what it called"a neutral point of vrew"was a worthwhile aspiration.4.From the beginning,Wikipedia had a core of volunteer editors who shared common values and some substantive expertise.And sitting atop this structure was a founder,Jimmy Wales,who operated as a kind of benevolent dictator and an arbiter of last resort.From a contemporary perspective,though,the most significant design decision was that every page would have a public discussion page attached to it,which meant that there would be a record of all the arguments that had led to particular changes.Reading Wikipedia discussion pages provides a way of understanding how a particular proposition or assertion came to be made and how it evolved over time.5.But in a polarised political climate,it shows what can be done to preserve us from the madness of hysterical,uncivil,conspiracist discourse that now characterises social media.Which,among other things,explains why Susan Wojcicki.YouTube's CEO,recently announced that the video site will henceforth use excerpts from Wikipedia to counteract videos romoting conspiracy theories.This,wrote one commentator,"is,at first glance,odd.A megacorporation with billions of dollars and thousands of brilliant employees is...relying on a volunteer-run platform anyone can edit to fact-check information?"It is odd.But it's also a validation of Wikipedia's mission and a reminder of its importance. 1选?

　　A.There were no gatekeepers-anyone could create a page on any subject-but the technology,which enabled rapid reversion to a pre-edited version,provided an effective antidote to vandalism.

　　B.The political events of the last two years should have alerted us to the fact that Wikipedia had to invent a way of tackling the problem that now confronts us at a global level:how to get at some approximation to the truih.

　　C.Mainiaining"the neutral point of view"is relatively easy when writing about science topics or otherwise objectively verifiable subjects.But in other topics,such as politics and hisiory,bias and controversy inevitably arise.

　　D.There is,however,one single ray of light in this depressing list.For there,in fifth place.is the antithesis to all of that:a site that embodies the potential of the internet to harness the collective intelligence of humanity-Wikipedia.

　　E.In June 2006,Roy Rosenzweig,a professor specializing in American history,stated that Wikipedia often fails to distinguish important from trivial details,and does not provide the best references.He also complained about Wikipedia's lack of"persuasive analysis and interpretations,and clear and engaging prose".

　　F.There was one moment when the vice-chancellor of a top university made a dismissive remark about Wikipedia,only to have a world-teading chemist in the audience icily retort that the pages on his speciality were the most up-to-date summary currently available anywhere-because he wrote them.

　　G.It's like reading the transcript of an argument that has gone on for a long time-an attempt to track rationality in action.Like every other human-made thing,it s imperfect.

　　正确答案：D  

　　答案解析：空格前指出“热门网站多为企业持有，互联网被企业界霸占(互联网体现个体成就、为私人牟利工具)”;空格后The idea、il均回指空格句叙述对象，说明其创立理念“通过允许任何人基于任何话题创建网页的方式创造一本百科全书”及现今成就“世界上最重要的通识工具书、全球访问量第五大的网站”，反衬此网站“体现集体智慧.为公众服务”;空格前后作者态度由悲转喜(has been captured-truly extraordinary.注：extraord.nary“非 凡的[表赞许]”)。故空格应承文首句转而引入“另一体现集体智慧、为公众谋福祉的热门网站/百科全书网站”.D.以比喻“令人沮丧的清单之上存在一丝光芒”引入“发挥网络潜力、激发群体智慧、助益人类发展的网站——维基百科”，且thi.s depressing list回指上文a list.…wesiern corporations.Wikipedia呼应下文a significant encyclopedia，故正确。

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