[单选题]1、Frankenstein's monster haunts discussions of the ethics of artificial intetligence:the fear is that scientists will create something that has purposes and even desires of its own and which will carry them out at the expense of human beings.This is a misleading picture because it suggests that there will be a moment at which the monster comes alive:the switch is thrown,the program run,and after that its human creators can do nothing more.In real life there will be no such singularity.Construction of AI and its deployment will be continuous processes,with humans involved and to some extent responsible at every step.This is what makes Google'-s declarations of ethical principles for its use of AI so significant,because it seems to be the result of a revolt among the company's programmers.The senior management at Google saw the supply of AI to the Pentagon as a goldmine,if only it could be kept from public knowledge."Avoid at all costs any mention or implication of Al,"wrole Google Cloud's chief scientist for AI in a memo."I don't know what would happen if the media starts picking up a theme that Google is building AI weapons or AI technologies to enable weapons for the Defense industry."That,of course,is exactly what the company had been doing.Google had been subcontracting for the Pentagon on Project Maven,which was meant to bring the benefits of AI to war-fighting.Then the media found out and more than 3,000 0f its own employees prote.sted.Only iwo things frighten the tech giants:onc i.s the stock market;the other is an organised workforce.The employees'agitation led to Google announcing six principles of ethical AI,among them that it will not make weapons systems.or technologies whose purpose,or use in surveillance,violates international principles of human rights.This still leaves a huge intentional exception:profiting from"non-lethal"defence technology.Obviously we cannot expect all companies,still less all programmers,to show this kind of ethical fine-tuning.Other companies will bid for Pentagon business:Google had to beat IBM,Amazon and Microsoft to gain the Maven contract.But in all these cases,the companies involved-which means the people who work for them-will be actively involved in maintaining,tweaking and improving the work.This opens an opportunity for consistent ethical pressure and for the attribution of responsibility to human beings and not to inanimate objects.Questions about the ethics of artificial intelligence are questions about the ethics of the people who make it and the purposes they put it to.It is not the monster,but the good Dr Frankenstein we need to worry about most. The author implies in Paragraph l that AI

　　A.may be used by scientists to satisfy their own desires.

　　B.will be carried out at the expense of human lives.

　　C.may take over most of the jobs from human beings.

　　D.will be developed step by step under human control.

　　正确答案：D  

　　答案解析：第一段最末两句指出，脱离人类控制的怪物不会出现，因为AI的构建和应用是连续的过程，人类将参与其中每一步并对此负责。可见D.正确，step by step对应原文continuous.…every step.体现AI发展的连续性、步骤性;undcr human controt概括原文humans involved and.…responsible.…，体现人类对AI技术的责任与把控。[解题技巧]A.将第一段①句“人们担心科学家会利用Al技术创造出有自身欲望的怪物”偷换为“科学家可能会将AI用于满足自身欲望”.即将“怪物(something/monster)的自身欲望”偷换为“科学家(scientists)的自身欲望”，又将“有些人的担忧”改为“本文作者观点”。B.复现①句will carry them out at the expense of human beings.但这是”某些人的担忧”，随后作者否定了这一观点。C.源自②句its human creators can clo nothing more.但原文强调“人们失去对AI的控制”，而非“AI替人类完成工作”.且作者随后否定了这一情况实际发生的可能。

　　[单选题]2、The Open University,one of the great successes of modern Britain,is facing a crisis.On the surface,this centres on the embattled vice-chancellor.Peter Horrocks,whom the staff want to resign.The UCU(University and College Union)branch at the university has passed a motion of no confidence in him.and says he no longer commands the respect of staff.The immediate cause was a remark for which he has been forced to apologise,to the effect that some academics had been allowed"to get away with not teaching for decades",but this came in a context of brutal budget cuts he has proposed.More profoundly.the crisis exposes a huge disagreement about what actually constitutes teaching,and why it is a worthwhile activity.Is it a way to produce exam resulis and certificates of employability,or is the purpose to share whaiever makes a subject worth studying for itself,and to inculcate the skills that will enable students to glimpse and pursue that vision?But the deeper crisis reaches far beyond the vice-chancellor's inadequacies.Some of the challenges facing the university are simply a result of the huge changes in society and technology since it was founded in 1969.In the early days,staff agonised over whether to include colour in their television programmes,since many viewers might still own black and white sets.In those days,too.there was a very large pool of middle-aged people who had been denied tertiary education,and for whom this really was the university of the seconcl chance.But the pool of second chancers has now largely gone the way of black and white televisions.Those are difficulties that would face the university under any administration.So would the widespread competition in the field of distance learning.But with all that said,it is central government that is largely responsible for the difficulties of the OU.The government's conception of higher education as a marketplace where students can shop for qualifications is profoundly destructive to all universities,and the OU is only the most exposed and vulnerable.The introduction,and then the tripling,of tuition fees has wrecked its financial model,so that student numbers have dropped by a third since 2010.The only thing to fall as fast has been the university's rating for student satisfaction,from lst t0 47th.So much for the conception of universities as selling to"customers",rather than teaching students.The university is an institution that enriches the lives of those who attend it.It is on that basis that the government should still recognise,and support,the ideal that everyone deserves access to the benefits of a real university,whatever their past,and whenever they decide they need it. The most profound threat to the OU is

　　A.its poor administration.

　　B.its vulnerable financial model.

　　C.extensive competition in distance learning,

　　D.marketization of higher education.

　　正确答案：D  

　　答案解析：第三段③句明确指出：尽管开放大学面临社会技术变革、广泛竞争、管理等各式各样的问题，但是真正应该负主要责任的是政府将高等教育设想为买卖文凭的市场。也即，高等教育的市场化是开放大学面临的最严重威胁，即D.正确。[解题技巧]A、C都可以算是威胁，但并非最严重的威胁;B.由④句vulnerable、⑤句its financial model这两个碎片信息捏造而来，但文中并未指出开放大学的财务模式很脆弱。

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