[单选题]

　　Who knows better than your customers where your operations can be improved?Today progressive firms increasingly rely on advisory councils to suggest improvements, recommend action, and offer feedback on programs and policies.In fact, many companies feel that this form of communication is vital to the continuous improvement of their business operations.

　　A council, among other things, improves communication and spurs improvement of operations.Remember that the secret to success is dialogue-the exchange of ideas and opinions.Focus on problems your customers have Spell out your goals and objectives.

　　Each meeting should have a specific objective to accomplish.Determine the meetings frequency.If you want to implement a strategic plan, an annual meeting may be enough.If you want to focus on operational issues, more meetings may be needed.

　　A good council will have no more than 12 people, with half of the members from your company and half from your customers.It should also have diversity in its membership.Members should serve from one to three years-rotation of membership will ensure the council doesn’t become stale.

　　Find an approximate meeting site, whether it's in house or off site, where there will be no ptions.You should pay for all the expenses related to the meeting-members are providing your company with a service.Treat them as your guests and your experts.

　　If you have a fixed beginning and ending time to your meeting, stick to it.when structuring he meeting, remember the 80/20 problem-solving rule.Structure the meeting so that 20 percent of the time is spent identifying or discussing a problem and 80 percent of the time is spent designing a solution.

　　Often it is helpful to have a person act as timekeeper and announce when the agenda time for a particular item has expired.However, during the meeting, be flexible.The facilitator can allow the group to decide whether to move on to the next item or extend the discussion.As you go along,look to narrow the differences among members and form a consensus.

　　As the meeting closes, summarize what was accomplished, checking for an agreement and commitment among the members.Make a detailed list of the follow-up items, who has responsibility for each item, and a timeline for completion.

　　The result from really listening to and learning from your customers in a well-run advisory council can pay huge dividends.

　　The time arrangement of the meeting______.

　　Athe membership should not be neglected

　　Borganizers should make summaries after that

　　Cthe meeting should be held frequently.

　　Dcommunication can promote the development of companies

　　Eit's better to elect a president.

　　Fcompanies can find out problems

　　Gis important, so it's better to have a person to set the pace

　　参考答案：G

　　单选题]

　　The majority of people，about nine out of ten，are right-handed. 1______ until recently，people who were left-handed were considered 2______，and once children showed this tendency they were forced to use their right hands.Today left-handedness is generally 3______，but it is still a disadvantage in a world 4______ most people are right-handed.For example，most tools and implements are still 5______ for right-handed people.

　　In sports by contrast，doing things with the left hand or foot，is often a( n)6______.Throwing，kicking，punching or batting from the “7______” side may result in throwing off many opponents who are more 8______ to dealing with 9______ of players who are right-handed.This is why，in many 10______ at a professional level，a 11______ proportion of players are left-handed than in the population as a whole.

　　The word “right” in many languages means “correct” or is 12______ with lawfulness whereas the words 13______ with “left”，such as “sinister”，generally have 14______ associations.Moreover，among a number of primitive peoples，there is a close association 15______ death and the left hand.

　　In the past，in 16______ Western societies，children were often forced to use their right hands，especially to write with.In some cases the left hand was 17______ behind the child’s back so that it could not be used.If，in the future，they are 18______ to choose，there will certainly be more left-handers，and probably 19______ people with minor psychological disturbances as a result of being forced to use their 20______ hand.

　　there is a close association 15______ death and the left hand.

　　Aalong

　　Bmidst

　　Camong

　　Dbetween

　　参考答案：D

　　[单选题]

　　Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language.It is also the variety which is normally 1______ by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other 2______ situations.The difference between standard and nonstandard，it should be noted，has 3______ in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial 4______;standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants.

　　5______，the standard variety of English is based on the London 6______ of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted from the removal of the Court from Winchester to London.This dialect became the one 7______ by the educated，and it was developed and 8______ as a model，or norm，for wider and wider segments of society.It was also the 9______ that was carried overseas，but not one unaffected by such export.Today，10______ English is 11______ to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary of English are much the same everywhere in the world where English is used;12______ among local standards is really quite minor，13______ the Singapore，South Africa，and Irish varieties are really very 14______ different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are 15______.Indeed，Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous 16______ on all local varieties，to the extent that many of long 17______ dialects of England have lost much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be 18______.This latter situation is not 19______ to English ：it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are 20______ .But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national，even supranational (跨国的) ones.

　　to the extent that many of long 17______

　　Aestablished

　　Bweakened

　　Crestored

　　Deliminated

　　参考答案：A

　　[单选题]

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　Prevailing wisdom always has us use teamwork as much as possible to face challenges head-on. The theory is that working in teams—especially those with different skillsets and backgrounds—sparks innovation， 1 flexibility，and leads to better outcomes. However， recent research suggests that maximizing teamwork often fails to 2 the results we expect ; in fact， in some cases， it 3 them.

　　The reality is that productive teamwork and collaboration are hard to 4 . Bringing together people with 5 expertise can potentially stall rather than 6 innovation， especially when 7 to an urgent need. Not to mention the larger， structural 8 that often leave team members jockeying for positions， making power grabs， and withholding information to protect their turf.

　　This is not to say we should throw teamwork 9 the window entirely. 10 ， we believe a change in mindset about how to best 11 it is needed to achieve the flexibility and resilience.

　　12 maximizing teamwork， research on what distinguishes flexible organizations suggests that we need to rightsize it. This means 13 what form and how much teamwork is needed at each stage of a project to get it done efficiently and effectively. Rightsizing teamwork requires 14 selecting the right people to contribute，at the right time.

　　15 this approach may 16 seem in conflict with goals of inclusivity， consideration， and respect—when done right， it can improve those things. 17 others when they are needed， 18 by default， is actually more respectful of the many people who are 19 from project overload and burnout. Rightsizing is not about minimizing inclusion. It’s about changing “teamwork” from a buzzword to an 20 practice that creates seamless companywide connections.

　　以下选项4题答案为()。

　　Aaffect

　　Bachieve

　　Cpredict

　　Dmaintain

　　参考答案：B[问答题]One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

　　When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(1)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.

　　It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(2)but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

　　A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds.(3)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.

　　Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops.(4)In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.

　　To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(5)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.

　　统计：

　　共1人答过，平均正确率100.00%

　　参考答案：

　　完全以经济动机为基础的环保体系存在一个基本缺陷，即陆地生物群落中的大部分生物没有经济价值。然而，这些生物却是生物群落的一部分，如果生物群落的稳定性取决于其完整性，那么这些生物就有延续生存的资格。

　　当其中一个无经济价值的物种受到威胁时，如果我们碰巧又喜欢这个物种，我们就会编造借口使其具有经济价值。本世纪初，人们认为鸣鸟应该要消失了。(1)科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致是说如果鸟类不能控制害虫数量的话，害虫就会吞噬我们人类。证据必须和经济相关，才会有效。

　　如今阅读这些拐弯抹角的说辞真令人头疼。虽然我们还没有土地的伦理观，(2)但是我们至少已经几乎承认，不管鸟类对我们是否具有经济利益，它们都应该继续享有其固有的生存权利。

　　肉食哺乳动物和食鱼的鸟类也存在类似的情形。(3)生物学家们曾一度滥用了这个证据，即这些生物通过猎杀弱者来保持猎物的健康发展，或者只是捕食“没有价值的”物种。这再次说明，证据必须和经济有关，才会有效。直到最近几年，我们才听到一种更诚实的论点：肉食动物是生物群落的成员，任何有特殊利益的群体都无权为了自己的利益消灭它们，无论是真实的还是假想的。

　　某些种类的树木被一些有经济头脑的林业员认为是，“非我族类”，因为它们生长速度过慢或者作为木材售价太低。(4)在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，那些没有商业价值的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员而被合理保护。此外，人们发现有些树种在增加土壤肥力方面起着重要作用。森林和组成森林的树种、地表植物群以及动物群相互依存，都被视为是理所当然的。

　　总而言之，一种环保体系完全基于自身经济利益是非常不平衡的。(5)这种环保体系容易忽视并最终导致陆地生物群落中诸多物种的灭绝，而这些物种虽然缺乏商业价值，但对陆地生物群落的健康运行却至关重要。它错误地认为，即使缺少无经济价值的那一部分，生物系统具有经济价值的部分也一样可以正常运行。

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