[问答题]Directions:

　　Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

　　1) describe the drawing,

　　2) interpret its intended meaning, and

　　3) give your comments.

　　You should write 160-200 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　参考答案：

　　①In the picture, a group of volunteers are Peacefully queuing in a line, waiting for their turns to donate blood.②The vivid and moving scene leaves an impression on those standing nearby who, having their doubts about whether to donate or not.③If we want to “ask for” support as a member of any community, surely we should first learn to“give” support to others.

　　④Since we are social creatures, the quality of our lives depends largely on social support. which consists of the exchange of resources based on interpersonal ties. ⑤Social resources are accumulated through the contribution coming from every person who should show others kindness and sympathy. without which life would be intolerable. ⑥If nobody took on the responsibility for the common good of society, there would be no social support.⑦It follows naturally that we have to be aware of our responsibility for the well-being of the whole country . ⑧without making a commitment to society, it is unlikely that we will be treated with a blood transfusion when needed.⑨It is advisable that those standing hesitantly should join in the group in the Picture .

　　参考解析：

　　①在这幅图画中，有一些人正在默默地排着队，等候自愿献血。②这一生动而感人的画面无疑给旁观的那些也许正在犹豫不决的人们留下了深刻的印象。③在现代社会中，如果任何人希望“索取”，当然必须首先“给予”。

　　④既然我们是社会人，我们的生活质量在很大程度上取决于社会支持，社会支持是基于人际关系之上的一种资源互换。⑤社会资源是通过每一个社会成员的奉献来逐渐积累起来的，社会成员应该对他人表露出善心、同情。否则，我们的生活将变得无法忍受。⑥如果没有人为社会的公共利益负责，那么社会支持将不复存在。⑦因此，每个人都应该意识到自己对整个国家利益所承担的责任。

　　⑧没有一种对社会的奉献精神，我们可能无法在需要时得到输血。⑨那些靠近队伍的迟疑的人们应该加入献血的行列。

　　[单选题]

　　App-based marketplaces like Uber and Lyft have revolutionised the way people find work and earn income.Workers today can choose many kinds of short-term and flexible jobs， whenever they want or need.

　　Yet， this flexibility comes at a cost.Most o£ these “gig workers”， while they earn income， do not receive benefits， including healthcare， life insurance， disability insurance and pensions.For this new way of working to be a net positive for workers， the ensuing and emerging gap for traditional employment benefits will need to be filled.

　　There are three potential options for filling this gap.A public solution would see governments step in to provide these benefits.That seems unlikely in the current climate， particularly in countries such as the US.A private solution would have companies start to treat their gig workers like employees and provide full benefits.But given the costs involved， analysts expect Uber， Lyft and most other companies， to refuse unless they are forced to by new laws or regulations.

　　That means that in the short term， gig workers will have to carry the cost of their own benefits.That creates an opening for the third possibility： a new set of for-profit businesses could emerge to provide benefits tailored to gig workers.

　　These private companies could find it very attractive to offer， on an aggregate basis， lower cost options for healthcare， workers' compensation and retirement savings that individual gig workers would never be able to negotiate on their own.Further， these companies could come up with innovative products aimed at these workers， including loans designed for individuals with intermittent but predictable income， or tools for running freelancer businesses.If governments eventually require gig platforms to step in and cover partial benefits， the start-ups would be well positioned to profit from helping them.

　　Given how work has evolved， labour regulations must change as well.The existing work contract needs to be reimagined to extend beyond the typical categories of self-employed， full-time or part-time.This new “gig status” would be designed to protect flexible work (the reason people pursued gig work in the first place) while providing some economic protection， enabling them to weather financial shocks and provide a path to longer term economic stability.

　　Under this scenario， workers would receive select benefits like health or disability insurance without compromising their employment status.Right now， the receipt of any type of “benefits” often triggers an official employment relationship requiring individuals to work more hours， losing their flexibility.

　　It will take time to develop and implement a new framework that strikes the right balance between flexibility and economic security.We know that work brings more than just income： it also provides dignity，purpose and social connections.A reimagined work contract would allow every worker to achieve their full potential， on their own terms.

　　It can be inferred from Paragraphs 1 and 2 that______.

　　AUber and Lyft pose critical threats to public transport

　　Btraditional jobs would be replaced by short-term ones

　　Cmost employers don't provide benefits for their gig workers

　　Dthere is a wide income gap between gig and regular workers

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　The UK government's decision to shutter plans to build the world's first tidal lagoon off Swansea Bay is a hard blow for Wales.The tidal lagoon project， had it gone ahead， was expected to create 2，200 jobs， plus more in the supply chain.These are the kinds of jobs that Wales， so damaged by steel and coal closures， needs.But the business secretary， Greg Clark， has decided the country can't have them because they would be too expensive.

　　Welsh politicians have reacted with understandable fury to Mr Clark's announcement， which comes almost exactly 12 months after the government abandoned plans to electrify the railway from Cardiff to Swansea， and just a day after Member of Parliament (MPs) voted to press ahead with another expensive infrastructure project： a third runway at Heathrow.

　　There are some rational reasons to approve of this week's decision， while regretting its consequences.No one， including the Tidal Lagoon Power company， denied that the electricity produced off the Welsh coast would have cost more than the cheapest renewables.The most recent government auctions saw offshore wind schemes win contracts at record lows of £57.50 per megawatt hour， meaning they are within a few pounds of being subsidy-free.

　　But cost is not the only consideration.Otherwise， the government would never have gone ahead with the hugely expensive， risky and uncertain Hinkley Point C nuclear power station.Nor would it have cut subsidies for solar power and onshore wind， as it did in 2015.Those decisions - particularly the promise to curb onshore wind， as the Conservatives did in their 2015 manifesto， despite poll after poll showing that a majority of the public prefers wind and solar to nuclear - were ideological.

　　In a City speech this March， Mr Clark praised business for putting “evidence before ideology”.It is welcome that the secretary of state says this is his own approach.Too many of his Conservative colleagues remain too strongly attached to fossil fuels， including the prospect of a whole new shale gas industry.As the price of renewables continues to fall， they will surely lose the argument.With Mr Clark in charge， the hope is that onshore wind and solar subsidies may soon return - though too late for UK companies that could have developed and profited from the technology had we not given up on it long before the renewables boom.

　　Yet the government is planning more nuclear power stations ， including one in Wales.Different rules seem to apply for different technologies.It looks like a Tory government in Westminster snubbed Welsh Labour's pet project.Backers of the tidal project felt shut out by ministers.Wave energy lobbyists perhaps don't have the firepower in Whitehall that others can muster.Mr Clark might have relied on the evidence to make a tough call not to back a new， green technology.But it's hard to shake off the impression that the decision was one rooted in the partisan politics of self-interest.

　　Paragraph 3 mentions offshore wind schemes to______.

　　Aillustrate renewables' big potential

　　Bhighlight tidal power's high cost

　　Cshow what subsidy-free power mean

　　Dstress wind energy's cost-effectiveness

　　参考答案：B

　　[单选题]

　　Not long ago， tech was the coolest industry.Everybody wanted to work at Google， Facebook and Apple.But over the past year the mood has shifted.Some now believe tech is like the tobacco industry - corporations that make billions of dollars peddling a destructive addiction.Some believe it is like the National Football League (NFL) - something millions of people love， but which everybody knows leaves a trail of human wreckage in its wake.

　　There are three main critiques of big tech.The first is that it is destroying the young.Social media promises an end to loneliness but actually produces an increase in solitude and an intense awareness of social exclusion.The second is that it is causing electronic device addiction on purpose， to make money.For example， news feeds are structured as “bottomless bowls” so that one page view leads down to another and another and so on forever.The third critique is that Apple， Amazon， Google and Facebook are using their market power to invade the private lives of their users and impose unfair conditions on content creators and smaller competitors.

　　The big breakthrough will come when tech executives clearly acknowledge the central truth： Their technologies are extremely useful for the tasks and pleasures that require shallower forms of consciousness， but they often crowd out and destroy the deeper forms of consciousness people need to thrive.

　　Online is a place for human contact but not intimacy.Online is a place for information but not reflection.It gives you the first stereotypical idea about a person or a situation， but it's hard to carve out time and space for the third， 15th and 43rd thought.Online is a place for exploration but discourages cohesion.It grabs control of your attention and scatters it across a vast range of diverting things.But we are happiest when we have brought our lives to a point， when we have focused attention and will on one thing， wholeheartedly with all our might.

　　Abraham Joshua Heschel wrote that we take a break from the distractions of the world not as a rest to give us more strength to dive back in， but as the climax of living.“The seventh day is a palace in time which we build.It is made of soul， joy and reticence，” he said.By cutting off work and technology we enter a different state of consciousness， a different dimension of time and a different atmosphere， a “mine where the spirit's precious metal can be found.”

　　Imagine if instead of claiming to offer us the best things in life， tech merely saw itself as providing efficiency devices.Its innovations can save us time on lower-level tasks so we can get offline and there experience the best things in life.Imagine if tech pitched itself that way.That would be an amazing show of realism and， especially' humility， which these days is the ultimate and most disruptive technology.

　　In the last paragraph.the author suggests that tech should______.

　　Apromise to offer people the best things in life

　　Bendeavor to develop more innovative products

　　Ccommit itself to avoiding negative consequences

　　Dredefine its role as efficiency devices inventor

　　参考答案：D

　　[单选题]Dung to Death

　　Antibiotics are among the most successful drugs used for human therapy. However, since they can challenge microbial populations, they must be considered as important pollutants as well. Besides being used for human therapy, antibiotics are extensively used for animal farming and for agricultural purposes.

　　Residues from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can contaminate natural environments. The clearest consequence of antibiotic release in natural environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. While this phenomenon is indeed seen in the health-care sector, much of the inappropriate use comes from agriculture.

　　Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs.”

　　The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. (41)______

　　Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the U.S. each year. More than half are given to farm animals to prevent disease and promote growth (42)______

　　Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology in Dubendorf. (43)______

　　With millions of tons of animals manure spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance, he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. (44)______

　　Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. (45)______His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.

　　There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment.

　　请写出43题正确答案。

　　AThey do not easily degrade or dissolve in water. A variety of side effects may occur with sulphonamide intake, including nausea, vomiting, headache, and loss of appetite; more severe effects include blood disorders, skin rashes, and fever.

　　BAnd manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says. These manures may be used for as fertilizers for vegetables and crops, and end up in people's dinner table, causing a chain effect.

　　CAnimal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid. Although over the last three decades there has been concern over the problem of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens, leading to recent widespread debate about these problems.

　　DBut recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people. The routine feeding of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention contributes to the presence of resistant bacteria.

　　EHis findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed. Given the growing evidence of the dangers, many countries have banned or severely restricted antibiotics in animal feed including Australia, France and Switzerland.

　　FThey could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields. Therefore, adding antibiotics to animal feed poses a serious risk to human health.

　　GWould it be necessary for me to mention my insane aversion to bugs at this time? Most antibiotics sold in the U.S. go to animals, mostly in their feed, where they act as a growth promoter and damp down infection outbreaks in large feedlots.

　　参考答案：B

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