[单选题]

　　As deals go， the New one was a big one.Franklin Roosevelt's plan to haul America out of depression permanently altered the contours of the country's economy and politics.Proponents of a “Green New Deal” harbour similar ambitions.

　　In economics， climate change is a straightforward example of a market failure， with a correspondingly straightforward solution.Governments need only include the social costs of carbon-such as pollution-related deaths and climate change-in the prices people pay.In January economists signed a letter supporting a carbon tax that would refund revenue in the form of a flat， universal dividend.But robust carbon taxation is politically elusive.

　　Green New Dealers reckon the secret to solving climate change lies in making the economy both greener and more equitable.Their plan proposes a move to 100 % clean energy by 2035， and to zero net emissions by mid-century.Carbon prices might be included， but the emphasis is elsewhere.Supporters describe extensive state support for domestic green industries and large-scale efforts to help workers.They are vague about costs and funding.But decarbonising the economy so quickly would certainly require vast sums， some of which would almost certainly be raised by taxes on the well-off.

　　Why bundle together the seemingly unrelated issues of climate change and economic inequality? To some， the appeal rests in political economy.Any plan to free an industrialised economy from fossil-fuel dependence will create losers.To succeed politically， it must mobilise groups of winners more powerful and passionate than those losers.Plans to tax carbon and pay out the revenue as a dividend may seem appealing.But a carbon refund of $ 100 per month might be too small to mobilise a critical mass of voters， while the associated tax would prompt a no-holds-barred campaign by deep-pocketed fossil-fuel firms.A Green New Deal， in contrast， might promise sufficient goodies to sufficiently organised interest groups， such as labour unions and domestic manufacturers， to gather a winning political coalition.To others， the Green New Deal is something more revolutionary.They view climate change as the result of unchecked capitalism and aim to solve it by redistributing economic and political power.

　　There is plenty in the Green New Deal to make economists nervous.The plan largely ignores analysis of the costs and benefits of climate policy.It would create large opportunities for rent-seeking and protectionism， with no guarantee that the promised climate benefits will follow.It might chuck growth-harming tax rises and dangerously high deficits into the bargain as well.

　　The criticism of the economic approach to climate change implicit in the Green New Deal is not that it is flawed or politically unrealistic， but that it is a category error.Climate change is not a market problem to be fixed through pricing， in this view， but part of a terrible social crisis.It is hard to judge such arguments without decades of hindsight， But they seem to be winning ， raising the possibility that， for the moment， economists have lost the chance to lead the fight against climate change.

　　According to economists， climate change______

　　Amay trigger an economic crisis

　　Bis aggravated by trade deals

　　Cmay harm market competition

　　Dcan be fixed by carbon taxation

　　参考答案：D

　　[单选题]

　　They are falling like dominoes.Executives caught behaving badly might once have been slapped on the wrist.Today they are shown the door.On July 19th Paramount Television fired its president， Amy Powell， over reports of insensitive comments about race.This is only the latest bigwig to go in a line of departures linked to u “personal misconduct”.“Boards are now holding executives to higher standards， looking not just at how they treat people but also how they talk to and about them，” says Pam Jeffords of Mercer， a consultancy.

　　The thread connecting these incidents is that all are about perceptions of executive integrity， and by extension， trust.Since trust violations are particularly hard for firms to overcome， often more so than incompetence， firms may believe that firing an errant executive can be the safest， most pragmatic course of action.

　　Executives were never all angels.What has changed is that boards are now far less willing to overlook bad behaviour for the sake of superior performance.A 2017 report from PwC， a professional-​services firm， found that the share of chief-executive dismissals that were due to ethical lapses increased between 2007-11 and 2012-2016， not because bosses were behaving worse but because they were held more accountable.

　　Boards seem to be acting thus for two reasons.First， to protect employees and create a safe and inclusive work environment.Second， to protect their brands' reputations.A 2016 study from researchers at Stanford showed that the fallout from chief executives behaving badly， but not unlawfully， was large and lasting.On average each of the 38 incidents studied garnered 250 news stories， with media attention lasting 4.9 years.Shares usually suffered， though not always.And in a third of cases firms faced further damage， including loss of major clients and federal investigations.

　　Should an executive's words be judged as harshly as their actions? From the perspective of protecting the brand， as well as discouraging a toxic work environment， they probably should.The power of social media to turn a whispered comment into a Twitterstorm， and the fact that everyone now has a mobile recording device， demands a decisive response.

　　But boards and the media also risk rushing to judgment and painting the wicked with too broad a brush.An insensitive remark made long ago or as a one-off is not the same as one made as the face of the firm or as part of a consistent pattern.Disney's firing of James Gunn， a director， last week over tweets from a decade ago， before he was hired and for which he has apologised， seems to be one instance in which such distinctions have been papered over.And plenty of companies benefit from environments where people can speak openly and brainstorm out loud.

　　Once the fallen dominos have been counted， some firms may turn out to have been too gung-ho in responding to the “Weinstein effect”.Many， perhaps most， exits will be justified.But all?

　　Boards today value most executives' ______.

　　Acommunication skills

　　Bprofessional competence

　　Cmoral integrity

　　Dloyalty to the company

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　We often hear about threats to American democracy， but this one is plausible.Layoffs at the New York Daily News， the Denver Post and many other local and regional newspapers have raised an alarm about “news deserts.”

　　The concern over the local-news vacuum has prompted at least one state to take action， but the plan doesn't much resemble independent journalism or a real newsroom.New Jersey's Legislature has allocated $ 5 million for a “civic information consortium.” A board， made up of political appointees and representatives of universities， would give grants to groups to “show demonstrable usefulness to a local community”-no substitute for a newspaper staff.

　　Yet there already exists a nationwide network of independent local nonprofits charged with providing news and information to communities.It is the system of 1 ，400 public broadcasting radio and television licensees.Established through the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act， the system was intended originally to provide a better alternative to what was then described as broadcasting's “vast wasteland.”Today， though-in an era when HBO， Netflix and Amazon have created a new golden age of television-the market failure is in local journalism.

　　Reforms of public broadcasting could address the problem.The $ 445 million federal subsidy for “public media” needs to be redirected-away from national programming and toward current and future local newsrooms across the country.Doing so would require changes in the Public Broadcasting Act.If public broadcasting is to demonstrate to the White House-which has called for an end to its federal funding-that it still has a reason to exist， reviving local journalism is the best argument.

　　Here's how the system works now： Some $ 313 million in public broadcasting's federal appropriation goes to local stations in the form of “community service grants.” But most of this money is used for purposes other than local journalism， and much of it heads back to Washington.Local stations are required to spend some of the funds on acquiring national programs-mainly from National Public Radio (NPR) and Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).

　　National programs will increasingly be delivered directly to your smartphone or tablet， bypassing the cable box or FM dial.PBS Kids is already an app.So is NPR programming.Why would local stations want to send their federal funds to NPR and PBS， given this new distribution technology? Letting local stations keep their federal funds would help local citizens understand local issues.It would lead to more culturally and politically diverse offerings， some of which would make their way on to national outlets such as NPR and PBS.

　　Fifty years after its establishment， public broadcasting must demonstrate it still has a purpose and deserves its subsidy.With an emphasis on local journalism， its appropriation would not be a blank check.Stations would still face a market test， having to rely on local citizens and businesses for the majority of their funding.But a shift toward local journalism could be public broadcasting's way to keep American democracy vital.

　　In the author's view.New Jersey's plan to support local news ______.

　　Acan serve as a model for the rest of the country

　　Bcan hardly guarantee journalistic independence

　　Cwill complement the existing newspaper staff

　　Dfails to offer enough grants to news groups

　　参考答案：B

　　[单选题]

　　Who knows better than your customers where your operations can be improved?Today progressive firms increasingly rely on advisory councils to suggest improvements, recommend action, and offer feedback on programs and policies.In fact, many companies feel that this form of communication is vital to the continuous improvement of their business operations.

　　A council, among other things, improves communication and spurs improvement of operations.Remember that the secret to success is dialogue-the exchange of ideas and opinions.Focus on problems your customers have Spell out your goals and objectives.

　　Each meeting should have a specific objective to accomplish.Determine the meetings frequency.If you want to implement a strategic plan, an annual meeting may be enough.If you want to focus on operational issues, more meetings may be needed.

　　A good council will have no more than 12 people, with half of the members from your company and half from your customers.It should also have diversity in its membership.Members should serve from one to three years-rotation of membership will ensure the council doesn’t become stale.

　　Find an approximate meeting site, whether it's in house or off site, where there will be no ptions.You should pay for all the expenses related to the meeting-members are providing your company with a service.Treat them as your guests and your experts.

　　If you have a fixed beginning and ending time to your meeting, stick to it.when structuring he meeting, remember the 80/20 problem-solving rule.Structure the meeting so that 20 percent of the time is spent identifying or discussing a problem and 80 percent of the time is spent designing a solution.

　　Often it is helpful to have a person act as timekeeper and announce when the agenda time for a particular item has expired.However, during the meeting, be flexible.The facilitator can allow the group to decide whether to move on to the next item or extend the discussion.As you go along,look to narrow the differences among members and form a consensus.

　　As the meeting closes, summarize what was accomplished, checking for an agreement and commitment among the members.Make a detailed list of the follow-up items, who has responsibility for each item, and a timeline for completion.

　　The result from really listening to and learning from your customers in a well-run advisory council can pay huge dividends.

　　There are more and more advisory councils because ______.

　　Athe membership should not be neglected

　　Borganizers should make summaries after that

　　Cthe meeting should be held frequently.

　　Dcommunication can promote the development of companies

　　Eit's better to elect a president.

　　Fcompanies can find out problems

　　Gis important, so it's better to have a person to set the pace

　　参考答案：D

　　[单选题]

　　College sports in the United States are a huge deal.Almost all major American universities have football，baseball，basketball and hockey programs，1______ and millions of dollars each year to sports.Most of them earn millions 2______ as well，in television revenues，sponsorships.They also benefit 3______ from the added publicity they get via their teams.Big-name universities 4______ against each other in the most popular sports.Football games at Michigan regularly 5______ crowds of over 90，000.Basketball’s national collegiate championship game is a TV 6______ on a par with (与……相同或相似) any other sporting event in the United States，7______ perhaps the Super Bowl itself.At any given time during fall or winter one can 8______ one’s TV set and see the top athletic programs from schools like Michigan，UCLA，Duke and Stanford 9______ in front of packed houses and national TV audiences.

　　The athletes themselves are 10______ and provided with scholarships.College coaches identify 11______ teenagers and then go into high schools to 12______ the country’s best players to attend their universities.There are strict rules about 13______ coaches can recruit-no recruiting calls after 9 p.m.，only one official visit to a campus-but they are often bent and sometimes 14______. Top college football programs 15______ scholarships to 20 or 30 players each year，and those student athletes，when they arrive at campus，16______ free housing，tuition，meals，books，etc.

　　In return，the players 17______ themselves to the program in their sport.Football players at top colleges work out two hours a day，four days a week from January to April.summer，it’s back to 18______ and agility training four days a week until mid-August，when camp 19______ and preparation for the opening of the September-to-December season begins 20______.During the season，practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday.Saturday is game day.Mondays are an officially mandated day of rest.

　　Big-name universities 4______ against each other in the most popular sports.

　　Aaccomplish

　　Bcontest

　　Ccompete

　　Dcomplete

　　参考答案：C

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