[单选题]In the following text， some sentences have been removed.For questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

　　The peer review of research articles is meant to ensure the quality and robustness of the research reported and aims at building trust in the value and usefulness of the findings discussed.Peer-reviewed articles are therefore one of the pillars of the academic research system and，rightly so， are subject to scrutiny.In a way， the peer review of an article doesn’t really stop with journal publication.41.

　　Pre-publication peer review is intended to control for all those possible errors and more.It should only let work that is solid， robust and reproducible get through to publication，and it does so for the most part ， but it’s far from perfect and，despite the best efforts of referees and journal editors， on occasions it can fail to identify some of those issues.

　　Scrutiny after publication is therefore as vital as scrutiny before publication.42.As a matter of fact，scholarly debates， including the most intense ones，ultimately inspire new research.So， peer-reviewed journals clearly have a duty to make space for post-publication critiques — and such contributions need to be evaluated independently by experts in the same vein as original studies are.

　　43. Besides，editorially assessing the relevance to the broad research community of these post-publication critiques is often challenging， particularly in the case of multi-faceted research questions.

　　Nature Sustainability offers the Matters Arising format for post-publication critiques to articles recently featured in the journal.This is critical to voice substantive concerns and foster debate.But it’s not plain sailing.Practically， Matters Arising articles use up editorial and publishing capacity that would otherwise be in support of handling new research papers.Hence，editors must select the critiques that，by challenging the original article published，are most likely to advance the research discourse and that are most likely to engage a substantial portion of readers.44. This doesn’t mean that such critiques are not valuable.They most certainly are.But， like in the case of the many solid research articles editors reject without sending them to referees， we must also make difficult choices in the case of Matters Arising submissions.

　　More explicitly， here are some of the questions the editors ask when it comes to deciding whether or not to consider a Matters Arising comment for publication： is the critique substantive enough to undermine the conclusions of the study and would it matter to readers beyond a specific research field? Does it provide a useful and accessible account of the likely weaknesses? Does it suggest a constructive way forward? 45.The full exchange is then peer reviewed by a common set of referees ， who are asked to evaluate the soundness and importance of the shortcomings highlighted and of the reply offered.Editors finally decide on publication，balancing editorial considerations with the technical notes from independent reviewers.

　　Overall decisions to consider critiques to published articles are challenging.Although editors do value sound critiques generally， they need to choose those challenging published papers on substantive grounds， with broad implications to the relevant research issues.This is their philosophy.

　　以上选项42题答案为()。

　　AYet， peer review of post-publication comments could suffer from the same limitations as the (pre-publication) peer review of the articles criticized.

　　BThey have a duty to transmit the concerns communicated to them about the papers they have published—whether or not the authors of those papers respond to these concerns.

　　CSound and constructive critiques aimed at exposing and discussing potential important weaknesses in the design and/or the execution of a study can lead to vital debates that， in turn， further understanding of topics of interest.

　　DCritiques of specialist nature， for example related to aspects of a particular method of interest to a specific research field，are unlikely to pass editorial selectivity，unless they pose serious doubts on the robustness of the published findings.

　　EThat’s not great，but that may be better than nothing.In a world without the peer

　　F review culture， it’s possible even more bad science would sneak through.

　　G F.If the editors answer yes to most of these questions， and provided the critique is not

　　H based on a misunderstanding of the published article， a response from the criticized authors is invited.

　　I G.It is not uncommon to witness the emergence of heated debates about published articles.Critiques cover data collection approaches， methodologies for analysis，framing of research questions，or even misconceptions about the consequences of the issue under study.

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　Television-the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,marked by rapid hange and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world.It is an electronic revolution of sorts,made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.

　　The word”television”，derived from its Greek(tele:distant)and Latin(vision:sight)roots, can literally be interpreted sight from a distance.Very simply put,it works in this way:through a sophisticated system of electronics,television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photo-conductive plate within a camera)into electronic impulses,which can be sent through a wire or cable.These impulses,when fed into a receiver(television set)can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image.

　　Television is more than just an electronics system,however.It is a means of expression,as well as a vehicle for communication,and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.

　　The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means o transmission.First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad based airwave transmission of television signals.Second, there is non-broadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission technique.

　　Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses.We are most familiar with broadcast television because it has been with us for many years.During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment.These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well.We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment,placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.

　　Television means sight from a distance because______.

　　Areaches the masses while the non-broadcast television is for specific groups.

　　Bis coming with the development of technologies.

　　Cit influences our attitudes.

　　Dit can realize the mutual conversion between electronic impulses and image

　　Eit is a sophisticated system of electronics

　　Fit promotes communication between people

　　Gtelevision is very popular.

　　参考答案：D

　　[单选题]

　　Standard English is the variety of English which is usually used in print and which is normally taught in schools and to non-native speakers learning the language.It is also the variety which is normally 1______ by educated people and used in news broadcasts and other 2______ situations.The difference between standard and nonstandard，it should be noted，has 3______ in principle to do with differences between formal and colloquial 4______;standard English has colloquial as well as formal variants.

　　5______，the standard variety of English is based on the London 6______ of English that developed after the Norman Conquest resulted from the removal of the Court from Winchester to London.This dialect became the one 7______ by the educated，and it was developed and 8______ as a model，or norm，for wider and wider segments of society.It was also the 9______ that was carried overseas，but not one unaffected by such export.Today，10______ English is 11______ to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary of English are much the same everywhere in the world where English is used;12______ among local standards is really quite minor，13______ the Singapore，South Africa，and Irish varieties are really very 14______ different from one another so far as grammar and vocabulary are 15______.Indeed，Standard English is so powerful that it exerts a tremendous 16______ on all local varieties，to the extent that many of long 17______ dialects of England have lost much of their vigor and there is considerable pressure on them to be 18______.This latter situation is not 19______ to English ：it is also true in other countries where processes of standardization are 20______ .But it sometimes creates problems for speakers who try to strike some kind of compromise between local norms and national，even supranational (跨国的) ones.

　　5______

　　ASurprisingly

　　BHistorically

　　CInterestingly

　　DGenerally

　　参考答案：B

　　[单选题]

　　When people grow old，they become quite different from the young on thoughts.It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives，1______ about the future.These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories，2______ is their purpose merely to make conversation.The old person’s recollections of the past help to 3______ an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile ：4______ any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide 5______ to the future，the individual mentions their past as a reminder to listeners，that here was a life 6______ everyone to have a good living.7______，the memories form part of a continuing life 8______，in which the old person 9______ the events and experiences of the years gone by and 10______ on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.

　　As the life cycle 11______ to its close，the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending ( 即将发生的) death.Yet this task is made 12______ by the fact that death is almost a 13______ subject in the United States.The mere discussion of death is often regarded as 14______.As adults many of us find the topic frightening and are 15______ to think about it-and certainly not to talk about it in the 16______ of someone who is dying.Death has achieved this taboo 17______only in the modem industrial societies.There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to 18______ the idea of death.It is the very fact that death remains 19______ our control;it is almost the only one of the natural 20______ that is so.

　　16______ of someone who is dying.

　　Asurface

　　Bspot

　　Cground

　　Dpresence

　　参考答案：D

　　[问答题]Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

　　Basic human survival has always depended on some kinds of cooperation.(46) By extending their abilities through cooperation in pursuit of common goals， individuals secure for themselves and each other a basic or minimum state of well-being.To a degree this could be said to result in a shared will， although we usually refer to it as “group psychology”.In this basic sense， humanity certainly depends on “hive-mindedness(蜂巢思维)”.We’re clearly not as hive-minded as the birds， bees or ants but nevertheless， cooperation in a sense extends the consciousness of the individual.This is evident in our historical evolution， all the way up to the information technology we have recently developed.

　　The internet encourages and makes possible more types of collaboration involving larger groups and faster， more intimate sharing of ideas， and this takes us ever further in the direction of a hive mind， in an accelerating process not subject to any central plan.Is a hive- minded type of thought inevitable? (47)At any rate it seems safe to assume that， so long as no catastrophe deprives us of electricity， we will increasingly lose our sense of individuality.

　　(48) If we think about the internet as a brain-to-brain connection interface， we might easily see that isolated thinking becomes increasingly difficult to sustain due to the quickening rate at which we’re socially encouraged to share our thoughts.Across a range of industries and activities highly complex content is now being created by online groups rather than individuals， because it is quicker to achieve richer content that way.In addition， it’s easy and fast to capture our experiences through photos and videos，and pass them through filters which generically impress a sense of quality but in actuality only reduce diversity and therefore individuality.

　　Neuroscientists and psychologists keep revealing that the human mind is less centralized than we thought.The philosopher David Hume argued as far back as the eighteenth century that the unity of consciousness is an illusion， and each mind consists of a bundle of perceptions and experiences.It seems to me that for any awareness made up of multiple entities， it’s a matter of perspective that a singularity of identity is felt to exist at all.(49) Technology being researched now will soon be sophisticated enough to connect our minds to a degree beyond anything we can currently imagine.A singular consciousness emerging from this technological revolution must be considered possible because singular consciousnesses arisen from multiple processes already exist—namely us.But if the internet began to consider itself aware and integrated， would we know if the net becomes conscious， or rather，coordinates a singular human mind-set?

　　We are undeniably in a process of increasing interconnectivity.Are we just improving our social and professional lives as individuals， or are we beginning to create “one mind”? (50) Perhaps we will fracture into several hive-minds before any singular global consciousness can be formed， and even eventually return back into individualism.

　　参考答案：

　　46.在追求共同目标的过程中，个体通过合作增强了能力，从而为自己和彼此实现一种基本或最低程度的康乐状态。

　　【解析】①方式状语By extending...中含有through...和in pursuit of...两个分别表示方式与目的的介词短语，结构较为复杂，因此在翻译方式状语时引入逻辑主语(即主干主语)individuals，将其转换为完整句，并调整语序，呈现“目的(对应in pursuit of...)+方式(对应through...) +直接结果(对应extending their abilities)”的行文逻辑。②在对方式状语进行上述操作的基础上，主句需增译关联表达“从而”，进一步引出间接结果(对应secure for themselves and...) 。③extend意为“扩大，扩展”，此处按其宾语abilities调整为“增强”;固定搭配in pursuit of意为“追求”;secure作动词解时意为“获得，实现”; well-being意为“康乐，幸福”。

　　47.

　　无论如何，似乎可以有把握地认为，只要没有灾难夺走我们的电力，我们就会愈发丧失自己的 个性意识。

　　【解析】①safe此处意为“肯定的，有把握的”，assume意为“认为(某事为真而缺乏证据)”，因此it seems safe to assume...(it为形式主语，to assume...为实际主语)整体译为“似乎可以肯定/有把握地认为……”。②so long as引导条件状语从句，为凸显“前提+结论”的逻辑，需在主句主语we后添加关联词“(只要……)就”。③at any rate为固定搭配，意为“(强调事情的真实性)无论如何，不管怎样”; deprive sb/sth of sth 意为“剥夺”。

　　48.

　　如果我们将互联网视作大脑与大脑之间的连接接口，我们可能很容易就会发现，由于社会鼓励我们加快分享自己的想法，独立的思想变得越来越难以维持。

　　【解析】①If引导条件状语从句，句子主干为we might easily see that...，可在主干部分添加关联词 “(如果……)就”以凸显逻辑。②在that引导的宾语从句中，due to引导原因状语，按照“原因+结果”的中文行文逻辑，将原因状语前置翻译。③at which引导定语从句修饰rate，翻译时尝试将其前置，并注意将其中的被动态we’re socially encouraged转换为主动，即“社会鼓励我们……”，结合rate的另一修饰词quickening(注意它指向的是“分享想法的速度加快”)，整体便可译为“社会鼓励我们加快分享自己的想法”。④interface为多义词，当与connection搭配时，意为“接口”，而非“(信息展示的)界面”; isolated在本句中意为“独立的”，侧重思考方式，而非侧重于时间或地理上的“孤立的”。

　　49.

　　目前正在研究的技术很快就会精妙到足以将我们的思维连结到一个我们当前无法想象的程度。

　　【解析】①句子主干 Technology...will soon be sophisticated enough 后接结果状语to connect...，整体可译为“技术很快就会精妙到足以连结……”;注意sophisticated与“技术”“产品”等搭配时，意为“尖端的，先进的”。②being researched now为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰Technology ，翻译时将定语前置，译为 “目前正在研究的技术”。③介词短语beyond anything we can currently imagine后置修饰a degree，翻译时提前，译为“超出我们当前想象的(程度)”;可调整对beyond的翻译，译为“我们当前无法想象的(程度)”。

　　50.

　　也许在任何同一的整体意识得以形成之前，我们会分裂成数个蜂巢思维体，甚至最终回归到个人主义。

　　【解析】①before引导时间状语从句，按照“时间+事件”的中文行文逻辑，在翻译时将时间状语从句前置。②根据上文one mind可知，此处global旨在描述思维的“合一性”，而非思维的“广泛性”，因此将其译为“整体的”，而非“全球的”。③...can be formed以被动语态模糊施动者，翻译时化被动为主动， 译为“……得以形成”。

进入焚题库 领取备考资料

　　☛☛☛试题来源于考试网焚题库，进入2022年研究生考试练习题库>>>更多考研试题(每日一练、模拟试卷、历年真题、易错题)等你来做!

扫码进入考研交流群

☟☟☟