[单选题]

　　Lawyers protesting about cuts don't attract the same level of public support as doctors and nurses.What goes on in the courts is not widely understood， and most people do not expect to need a publicly funded lawyer in the way that they rely on hospitals.Nevertheless， access to justice is a fundamental democratic right， and the chaos and failure unfolding across the legal system as the result of cuts should concern everyone who cares about justice.

　　Research carried out by civil servants and published in May after it was leaked shows that the disruptive effect of legal aid cuts in England and Wales has spread from the civil courts to the criminal courts， where increasing numbers of defendants are appearing without legal advice or representation， as a consequence of changes including new means tests.More than half of judges questioned for the study voiced concerns about defendants not understanding that a guilty plea could lead to a reduced sentence.

　　The government knows there is a problem， not least because the £950m reduction in the legal aid bill in 2016， compared with 2010， was more than twice as much as it expected.But ministers have already delayed far too long in the face of clear evidence that cuts in the family courts have been harmful.Official figures show that the proportion of plaintiffs and defendants with legal representation fell from 60% in 2012 to 33% in the first quarter of last year， and it is not uncommon for one party in a civil case to be represented by a lawyer while the other is not.

　　Some sensible changes have already been suggested in a review commissioned by the Labour party last year.These include a loosening of the criteria for legal aid eligibility to include all cases involving children， and representation for families in inquests where the state is already funding one party such as the police - which represents an essential rebalancing of justice's scales.The report also made the not unreasonable suggestion that law should be taught in schools.

　　Avoiding costly lawsuits by encouraging people to treat court as a last resort sounds reasonable ， and some of the consequences of the cuts were no doubt unintended.But the “simpler” and “more responsive” system promised by the Conservative justice secretary Ken Clarke when embarking on these cost-saving measures in 2010 now looks like wishful thinking at best.The current justice secretary， David Gauke， must act to restore confidence in a damaged system.

　　Legal aid began in the UK in the 1940s with the rest of the welfare state.In the US， a defendant's entitlement to a lawyer in a criminal case is enshrined in an amendment to the constitution.While the rules in the UK may lack this constitutional underpinning， people are still entitled to access to justice - including lawyers paid for with legal aid.

　　One of the Labour party's suggestions to address the legal aid problem is______.

　　Acanceling court costs for poor families

　　Breducing annual funding for the police

　　Censuring all children's access to legal aid

　　Denhancing teachers' legal awareness

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　In 1996， Californians approved Proposition 209， the California Civil Rights Initiative. By a 55 percent majority， voters amended California’s constitution to put an end to state-sponsored discrimination on the basis of race or sex. Proposition 209 required state government to get out of the business of quotas and preferences—to stop judging citizens by the color of their skin and focus instead on the content of their character and the level of their ability.

　　Now some California legislators are pushing to abolish Proposition 209. They have introduced legislation to re-legalize racial preferences in college admissions， government hiring， and public contracting.

　　The abolition bill， Assembly Constitutional Amendment 5， dubbed ACA-5， contains a lengthy introduction that paints a gloomy portrait of life under Proposition 209， especially on campus. The ban on racial preferences， it says，“reduces the graduation rates of students of color” and has had “a devastating impact on minority equal opportunity and access to California’s publicly funded institutions of higher education. ”Because universities stopped recruiting by race，claims ACA-5，“diversity within public educational institutions has been hindered. ”

　　But Gail Heriot， a University of San Diego law professor， counters that ACA-5’s proponents are misstating the data. By eliminating racial preferences， Heriot wrote， the 1996 amendment did away with the pressure to admit minority students to competitive institutions their credentials hadn’t prepared them for. As a result， the number of underrepresented minority students at Berkeley， the most demanding University of California (UC) campus， decreased. “But those students didn’t just disappear，”Heriot observed. “Most were accepted at other campuses of the prestigious UC system， based on their own academic records rather than their skin color. On several UC campuses， their numbers increased. More important， their performance improved dramatically.”

　　Improved academic performance has been accompanied by steady improvement in enrollment and graduation rates， as Wenyuan Wu of the Asian American Coalition for Education noted. The charge that Proposition 209 “hindered” diversity in California’s public higher-education system， Wu says flatly， “is simply untrue.” Last summer， the UC system admitted the largest and most diverse class of freshmen in its history—without resorting to racial quotas. Fully 40 percent of the new undergraduates were Black， Hispanic ， or American Indian.

　　The enemies of Proposition 209 have tried several times to get it overturned through legal proceedings，but the California Supreme Court has twice upheld the constitutional ban on racial preferences. In 2012， the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held the amendment as well.

　　California paved the way for the adoption of similar colorblind mandates in Michigan， Washington， and Arizona. Truly， Proposition 209 was a landmark： In the nation’s most multiracial ， multiethnic state， voters 24 years ago directed their government to stop preferring some citizens over others because of their physical characteristics. ACA-5 would undo a noble achievement. Don’t let that happen，California.

　　The author holds at the end of the passage that ACA-5 would______.

　　Aset a precedent for other US states.

　　Bdestroy a monumental achievement.

　　Cbenefit majorities more than minorities.

　　Dwin approval from the Supreme Court.

　　参考答案：B

　　[单选题]The private car is assumed to have widened our horizons and increased our mobility. When we consider our children's mobility, they can be driven to more places (and more distant places) than they could visit without access to a motor vehicle. However, allowing our cities to be dominated by cars has progressively eroded children's independent mobility. Children have lost much of their freedom to explore their own neighborhood or city without adult supervision. In recent surveys, when parents in some cities were asked about their own childhood experiences, the majority remembered having more, or far more, opportunities for going out on their own, compared with their own children today. They had more freedom to explore their own environment.

　　41.______

　　Children's independent access to their local streets may be important for their own personal, mental and psychological development. Allowing them to get to know their own neighborhood and community gives them a “sense of place”，This depends on active exploration, which is not provided for when children are passengers in cars. (Such children may see more, but they learn less.) Not only is it important that children be able to get to local play areas by themselves, but walking and cycling journeys to school and to other destinations provide genuine play activities in themselves.

　　42.______

　　There are very significant time and money costs for parents associated with transporting their children to school, sport and to other locations. Research in the United Kingdom estimated that this cost, in 1990, was between 10 billion and 20 billion pounds.

　　43.______

　　The reduction in children's freedom may also contribute to a weakening of the sense of local community. As fewer children and adults use the streets as pedestrians, these streets become less sociable places. There is less opportunity for children and adults to have the spontaneous exchanges that help to engender a feeling of community. This in itself may exacerbate fear associated with assault and molestation of children, because there are fewer adults available who know their neighbors' children, and who can look out for their safety.

　　44.______

　　The extra traffic involved in transporting children results in increased traffic congestion, pollution and accident risk. As our roads become more dangerous, more parents drive their children to more places, thus contributing to increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians. Anyone who has experienced either the reduced volume of traffic jams near schools at the end of a school day will not need convincing about these points. Thus, there are also important environmental implications of children's loss of freedom.

　　45.______

　　As individuals, parents strive to provide the best upbringing they can for their children. However, in doing so, (e.g. by driving their children to sport, school or recreation) parents may be contributing to a more dangerous environment for children generally. The idea that “streets are for cars and backyards and playgrounds are for children” is a strongly held belief, and parents have little choice as individuals but to keep their children off the streets if they want to protect their safety.

　　请写出41题正确答案。

　　ATime and money costs in transporting children

　　BThe sense of local community being weakening

　　CBenefits of children's independent access to destinations

　　DMore mobility of people given by cars

　　EMeasures taken by the government

　　FA more dangerous environment for children

　　GTraffic jams and pollution problems

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　College sports in the United States are a huge deal.Almost all major American universities have football，baseball，basketball and hockey programs，1______ and millions of dollars each year to sports.Most of them earn millions 2______ as well，in television revenues，sponsorships.They also benefit 3______ from the added publicity they get via their teams.Big-name universities 4______ against each other in the most popular sports.Football games at Michigan regularly 5______ crowds of over 90，000.Basketball’s national collegiate championship game is a TV 6______ on a par with (与……相同或相似) any other sporting event in the United States，7______ perhaps the Super Bowl itself.At any given time during fall or winter one can 8______ one’s TV set and see the top athletic programs from schools like Michigan，UCLA，Duke and Stanford 9______ in front of packed houses and national TV audiences.

　　The athletes themselves are 10______ and provided with scholarships.College coaches identify 11______ teenagers and then go into high schools to 12______ the country’s best players to attend their universities.There are strict rules about 13______ coaches can recruit-no recruiting calls after 9 p.m.，only one official visit to a campus-but they are often bent and sometimes 14______. Top college football programs 15______ scholarships to 20 or 30 players each year，and those student athletes，when they arrive at campus，16______ free housing，tuition，meals，books，etc.

　　In return，the players 17______ themselves to the program in their sport.Football players at top colleges work out two hours a day，four days a week from January to April.summer，it’s back to 18______ and agility training four days a week until mid-August，when camp 19______ and preparation for the opening of the September-to-December season begins 20______.During the season，practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday.Saturday is game day.Mondays are an officially mandated day of rest.

　　Duke and Stanford 9______ in front of packed houses and national TV audiences.

　　Aperforming

　　Bbehaving

　　Cbattling

　　Dfighting

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　When people grow old，they become quite different from the young on thoughts.It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives，1______ about the future.These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories，2______ is their purpose merely to make conversation.The old person’s recollections of the past help to 3______ an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile ：4______ any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide 5______ to the future，the individual mentions their past as a reminder to listeners，that here was a life 6______ everyone to have a good living.7______，the memories form part of a continuing life 8______，in which the old person 9______ the events and experiences of the years gone by and 10______ on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.

　　As the life cycle 11______ to its close，the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impending ( 即将发生的) death.Yet this task is made 12______ by the fact that death is almost a 13______ subject in the United States.The mere discussion of death is often regarded as 14______.As adults many of us find the topic frightening and are 15______ to think about it-and certainly not to talk about it in the 16______ of someone who is dying.Death has achieved this taboo 17______only in the modem industrial societies.There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to 18______ the idea of death.It is the very fact that death remains 19______ our control;it is almost the only one of the natural 20______ that is so.

　　it is almost the only one of the natural 20______ that is so.

　　Ameasures

　　Bpunishments

　　Cbehaviors

　　Dprocesses

　　参考答案：D

　　[单选题]

　　Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B， C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

　　The steady quest for knowledge gives scientists the exceptional privilege of being able to answer “I do not know” when asked a difficult question.They do not need to pretend knowing more than they 1 do， and their success is not 2 by the number of likes they get on social media.Other professional disciplines， such as business，politics or religion， do not 3 an empty answer and do not allow frank transactions of this type.

　　But scientists can 4 a full salary while admitting that they do not know what most of the universe is made of， 5 they have no 6 about the nature of dark matter and dark energy.In the commercial or political world， they would have been denied pay 7 they projected an image of at least pretending to know 8 they are talking about.

　　This unusual privilege 9 the understanding that science is work in progress，in which our understanding is 10 .Research into the unknown 11 involves careless mistakes.

　　We educate ourselves by finding 12 between our preconceptions and experimental data.

　　13 ， the humility accompanying our never-ending learning experience is sometimes forgotten 14 arrogance by scientists who 15 about preliminary accomplishments and promote their egos by declaring victory 16 while assuming the end of inquiry.

　　Nature is under no obligation to adhere to the 17 of our imagination.There is no end to our 18 of knowledge.And like Maui， which is situated in the Pacific Ocean，the body of our scientific knowledge is 19 a small island in a vast ocean of ignorance.Scientific research aims to expand the landmass of that island 20 the unlimited horizon which lies ahead.

　　以下选项10题答案为()。

　　Aincomplete

　　Binsignificant

　　Cimpractical

　　Dirrational

　　参考答案：A

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