[单选题]Time in the Animal World

　　Time is a dimension in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future, and also the measure of durations of events and the intervals between them. Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems.

　　Rhythm controls everything in Nature. (41)______

　　The sun provides a basic time rhythm for all living creatures including humans. Nearly all animals are influenced by sun cycles and have developed a biological clock in their bodies following these cycles. The moon also exerts its force and influence on the sea. Its gravitational attraction causes the rising of the tide. (42)______When the moon is behind the Earth, centrifugal force causes the second tide of the day.

　　Animals living in tidal areas must have the instinct of predicting these changes, to avoid being stranded and dying of dehydration. Since the time of the dinosaurs, the king crab has been laying eggs at the seaside in a set way. To avoid predator fish, the eggs are always far from seawater and protected by sand. In the following two months, the eggs undergo dramatic changes related to the cycles of the moon. When the second spring tide comes, the young king crabs have matured. (43)______

　　Most of the mammals, either the giant elephant or the small shrew, have the same average total number of heartbeats in their lifetime. Shrews live only for two and a half years, and spend their life at a high speed and high tempo. Animals like shrews with a pulse rate of 600 per minute have an average total of eight hundred million heartbeats throughout their life. The African elephant has a pulse rate of 25 beats per minute, and a life span of 60 years. The size of the body determines the speed of life. (44)______

　　As we get older, our sense of time is being influenced by the physiological changes of our body. The elderly spend more time resting, and do few sports. (45)______For a child, a week is seen as a long time. When we were children, time seemed almost endless. Car journeys used to last an eternity and the summer holidays seemed like years stretching before us.

　　请写出43题正确答案。

　　AFor an adult, time goes fast year by year. As adults, time seems to speed up at a frightening rate. Christmas and birthday seem to come round quicker each year. We look forward to events—like marriages and holidays—for months only to find that they pass by so quickly that we hardly have time to enjoy them.

　　BIt controls, for example, the flapping of birds' wings, the beating of the heart and the rising and setting of the sun. The sun is the star at the center of the solar system. It is almost perfectly spherical and consists of hot plasma interwoven with magnetic fields. It has a diameter of about 1,392,684 km, around 109 times that of the earth and its mass accounts for about 99.86% of the total mass of the solar system.

　　CThe larger the animal is, the longer its life span is and the slower its life tempo is. For example, elephants and humans live longer than mice, which in turn live longer than worms and flies.

　　DThe tide goes out when the moon moves away and its attraction is weaker. Many fish depend on the tide to feed. Fish around coastal areas wait on the tide to wash smaller fish out to sea or to pull them into areas where food is abundant. At low tide, oyster rocks and tide pools are exposed, also allowing crabs to feed.

　　EWe always tend to think all the animals have the same sense of time as human beings. Some people have pets that seem to know when it's time for dinner, go for a walk or a family member to arrive home from work. Sometimes, it appears as if our best animal friends have internal clocks that are precisely synchronized to our home clocks. How do they do this?

　　FThe second spring tide takes them back to the sea. In this way, the king crab takes advantage of the moon and tide cycles to live safely.

　　GThe researchers found that the rats could keep track of how much time had passed since they last discovered a cheese treat in the maze, but they did not form memories of when the discovery occurred. This was measured by using different cues: when, how long ago and when plus how long ago. The only cue that worked for the rats was how long ago they last encountered cheese.

　　参考答案：F

　　[单选题]

　　On April 20，2000，in Accra，the capital of Ghana，the leaders of six West African countries declared their intention to proceed to monetary union among the non-CFA franc countries of the region by January 2003，as the first step toward a wider monetary union including all the ECOWAS countries in 2004.The six countries 1______ themselves to 2______ central bank financing of budget deficits to 10 percent of the previous years government 3______;reducing budget deficits to 4 percent of the second phase by 2003，and attacking the budget deficit and other economic problems;creating a Convergence Council to help 4______ macroeconomic policies，which must be the foundation of a stable financial system;and 5______ up a common central bank，with the purpose of actively supporting the expansion of domestic demand.Their declaration 6______ that ：“The experiences of any particular country are even less applicable to a monetary union.Member States 7______ the need for8______ political commitment and undertake to 9______ all such national policies as would 10______ the regional monetary integration process.”

　　The 11______ a monetary union in ECOWAS has long been an objective of the organization，going back to its formation in 1975，and is intended to 12______ broader integration process that would include enhanced regional trade and 13______ institutions.In the colonial period，currency boards 14______ sets of countries in the region.On independence，15______，these currency boards were dissolved，with the 16______ of the CFA franc zone，which included the francophone countries of the region. 17______ there have been attempts to advance the agenda of ECOWAS monetary cooperation，political problems and other economic priorities in several of the region's countries have to 18______ inhibited progress.Although some problems remain，the recent initiative has been bolstered by the election in 1999 of a democratic government and a leader who is committed to regional 19______ in Nigeria，the largest economy of the region，raising hopes that the long-delayed project can be 20______.

　　19______ in Nigeria

　　Adevelopment

　　Bprosperity

　　Cintegration

　　Dcooperation

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　College sports in the United States are a huge deal.Almost all major American universities have football，baseball，basketball and hockey programs，1______ and millions of dollars each year to sports.Most of them earn millions 2______ as well，in television revenues，sponsorships.They also benefit 3______ from the added publicity they get via their teams.Big-name universities 4______ against each other in the most popular sports.Football games at Michigan regularly 5______ crowds of over 90，000.Basketball’s national collegiate championship game is a TV 6______ on a par with (与……相同或相似) any other sporting event in the United States，7______ perhaps the Super Bowl itself.At any given time during fall or winter one can 8______ one’s TV set and see the top athletic programs from schools like Michigan，UCLA，Duke and Stanford 9______ in front of packed houses and national TV audiences.

　　The athletes themselves are 10______ and provided with scholarships.College coaches identify 11______ teenagers and then go into high schools to 12______ the country’s best players to attend their universities.There are strict rules about 13______ coaches can recruit-no recruiting calls after 9 p.m.，only one official visit to a campus-but they are often bent and sometimes 14______. Top college football programs 15______ scholarships to 20 or 30 players each year，and those student athletes，when they arrive at campus，16______ free housing，tuition，meals，books，etc.

　　In return，the players 17______ themselves to the program in their sport.Football players at top colleges work out two hours a day，four days a week from January to April.summer，it’s back to 18______ and agility training four days a week until mid-August，when camp 19______ and preparation for the opening of the September-to-December season begins 20______.During the season，practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday.Saturday is game day.Mondays are an officially mandated day of rest.

　　Duke and Stanford 9______ in front of packed houses and national TV audiences.

　　Aperforming

　　Bbehaving

　　Cbattling

　　Dfighting

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It___1___in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then___2___starts to slowly decline as we age. But___3___aging is inevitable. scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.

　　One study found that muscle loss and the___4___of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the___5___that lifestyle factors might help prevent or___6___this type of decline.

　　The researchers looked at data that___7___measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and___8___that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people___9___higher measures of abdominal fat___10___worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years___11___.

　　For women, the association may be___12___to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be___13___. It is hoped that future studies could___14___these differences and perhaps lead to different for men and women.

　　___16___, there are steps you can___17___to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental___18___. The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your___19___of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style___20___that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.

　　17应选()。

　　Achange

　　Bwatch

　　Ccount

　　Dtake

　　参考答案：D

　　[单选题]

　　Health care system has become a hot topic around the world recently，especially in America.Most people would be 1______ by the high quality of medicine 2______ to most Americans.There is a lot of specialization，a great deal of 3______ to the individual，a 4______ amount of advanced technical equipment，and 5______ effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must 6______ in the courts if they 7______ things badly.

　　But the Americans are in a mess.The problem is the way 8______ health care is organized and 9______ .Contrary to pubic belief it is not just a free competition system.The private system has been joined by a large 10______ system，because private care was simply not 11______ the less fortunate and the elderly.

　　But 12______ with this huge public part of the system，which this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollar-more than 10 percent of the U.S.Budget-large numbers of Americans are left out.These 13______ about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits on income 14______ by the government trying to make savings where it can.

　　The basic problem，however，is that there is no central control 15______ the health system.There is no limit to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services，16______ what the public is able to pay.The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed.When faced with toothache，a sick child，or a heart attack，all the unfortunate persons 17______ can do is paying up.Two thirds of the population are 18______ by medical insurance.Doctors charge as much as they want 19______ that the insurance company will pay the bill.

　　The rising cost of medicine in the U.S. is among the most worrying problems 20______ the country. In 1981 the country’s health bill climbed 15.9 percent-about twice as fast as prices in general.

　　Most people would be 1______

　　Acompressed

　　Bimpressed

　　Cobsessed

　　Drepressed

　　参考答案：B

进入焚题库 领取备考资料

　　☛☛☛试题来源于考试网焚题库，进入2022年研究生考试练习题库>>>更多考研试题(每日一练、模拟试卷、历年真题、易错题)等你来做!

扫码进入考研交流群

☟☟☟