[问答题]Directions:

　　Recently you were a visitor wanting to exit a gallery and you were confronted with misleading signs that read rather awkwardly,“Export”. Write a letter to the department concerned ，politely suggesting them rectify the mistranslations. You should elaborate an effective way to deal with this problem.

　　You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead. Do not write the address.

　　参考答案：

　　To whom it may concern,

　　①I venture to write you this letter, anxious to inform you that the mistranslated signs “Export”in your gallery should be rendered into “EXIT”.②We should be aware that poor public signs may cause great inconvenience to those who do not read Chinese, for visitors might feel hopelessly lost in translation. ③It is actually quite surprising to see so many misleading signs, especially when Chino cherishes its image so much and has tens of thousands of foreign visitors every year.④So we should make an effective effort to deal with the problem. ⑤The establishment of a working group, co-supported by related central government departments, should be an appropriate arrangement for this purpose.⑥I would be very grateful if my advice is readily accepted.

　　Yours respectfully，

　　Li Ming

　　[单选题]

　　We often hear about threats to American democracy， but this one is plausible.Layoffs at the New York Daily News， the Denver Post and many other local and regional newspapers have raised an alarm about “news deserts.”

　　The concern over the local-news vacuum has prompted at least one state to take action， but the plan doesn't much resemble independent journalism or a real newsroom.New Jersey's Legislature has allocated $ 5 million for a “civic information consortium.” A board， made up of political appointees and representatives of universities， would give grants to groups to “show demonstrable usefulness to a local community”-no substitute for a newspaper staff.

　　Yet there already exists a nationwide network of independent local nonprofits charged with providing news and information to communities.It is the system of 1 ，400 public broadcasting radio and television licensees.Established through the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act， the system was intended originally to provide a better alternative to what was then described as broadcasting's “vast wasteland.”Today， though-in an era when HBO， Netflix and Amazon have created a new golden age of television-the market failure is in local journalism.

　　Reforms of public broadcasting could address the problem.The $ 445 million federal subsidy for “public media” needs to be redirected-away from national programming and toward current and future local newsrooms across the country.Doing so would require changes in the Public Broadcasting Act.If public broadcasting is to demonstrate to the White House-which has called for an end to its federal funding-that it still has a reason to exist， reviving local journalism is the best argument.

　　Here's how the system works now： Some $ 313 million in public broadcasting's federal appropriation goes to local stations in the form of “community service grants.” But most of this money is used for purposes other than local journalism， and much of it heads back to Washington.Local stations are required to spend some of the funds on acquiring national programs-mainly from National Public Radio (NPR) and Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).

　　National programs will increasingly be delivered directly to your smartphone or tablet， bypassing the cable box or FM dial.PBS Kids is already an app.So is NPR programming.Why would local stations want to send their federal funds to NPR and PBS， given this new distribution technology? Letting local stations keep their federal funds would help local citizens understand local issues.It would lead to more culturally and politically diverse offerings， some of which would make their way on to national outlets such as NPR and PBS.

　　Fifty years after its establishment， public broadcasting must demonstrate it still has a purpose and deserves its subsidy.With an emphasis on local journalism， its appropriation would not be a blank check.Stations would still face a market test， having to rely on local citizens and businesses for the majority of their funding.But a shift toward local journalism could be public broadcasting's way to keep American democracy vital.

　　According to the last two paragraphs， local stations ______.

　　Afail to keep pace with the technology

　　Brely too much on federal funding

　　Cshould focus more on local issues

　　Dare outperforming national stations

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　In the wake of the novel coronavirus pandemic， countless colleges and universities shifted from A-F grades to a pass/fail system. Many K-12 school districts have done the same. But not everyone is happy with this outcome.

　　Consider the fact that the permanent nature of grades makes them an incredibly high-stakes affair for students. This has a serious impact on the degree to which teachers can use grades to effectively communicate student progress. Think of how a low grade， intended to convey that a young person doesn’t yet understand a concept， will instead read to the student as an act of cruelty—an attempt to ruin her future. And the student wouldn’t necessarily be wrong to see it that way; transcripts in a self-proclaimed meritocratic world mean that grades，like diamonds，are forever.

　　Similarly， using letter grades as a currency across agencies and institutions has， in reality， negatively distorted student motivation for generations. Regardless of their inclination to learn， many students strive first and foremost to get good grades. This was even the case in 1918， when American economist and sociologist Thorsten Veblen observed that the pursuit of grades “progressively sterilizes all personal initiative and ambition that comes within its sweep.”

　　Americans have long been aware of the problems with the current model. Grade inflation is an epidemic， particularly at elite schools. And“grade-grubbing，”the pestering of teachers to change scores， is a scourge too. Yet despite these obvious problems， grades are deeply embedded into the culture and function of American education： They are used for state graduation requirements，community college transfers，and scholarship determinations; and they are one of the chief mechanisms for linking America’s 100，000 schools with over 5，000 colleges and universities.

　　In short， this grading conundrum won’t be easy to solve. But the inherent flaws of A-F grading have never been clearer. And， because of that， several sensible reform ideas may offer a path forward.

　　One smart proposal involves the use of student portfolios. Rather than reducing everything a student has learned to a single score or letter symbol， schools and colleges might ask students to assemble evidence of what they know and can do. Portfolios are by no means a silver bullet， but they have a number of important strengths： emphasizing the substance of learning， encouraging revision and acknowledging the different paces at which students reach proficiency. Perhaps most importantly，they motivate students to improve their work and not merely their grades.

　　Our present use of grades is a matter of historical accident， not design. The result is that grades fail to advance the multiple purposes they supposedly serve. Pass/Fail grading—the stopgap that many have turned to in the wake of the pandemic—is not a long-term solution. The problem can only be addressed at its root. Shaken from our complacency by a crisis， perhaps we can begin the conversation about what comes next.

　　Thorsten Veblen is quoted to illustrate______.

　　Aa widely adopted strategy to motivate students to learn.

　　Ba generally accepted way to achieve personal ambition.

　　Ca serious consequence of striving for good grades.

　　Da major obstacle to reforming the grading system.

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　In a big decision， the Supreme Court overturned a 1992 federal law that had effectively banned all states except Nevada from legalizing sports betting.The court had no opinion about sports gambling itself.It merely reasserted a constitutional restraint on federal power over the states.

　　So before states rush to permit， regulate， and tax sports betting， they may want to first weigh the original reasons behind the now-defunct ban.The big reason given back then by Congress was to maintain sports as a public display of talent， effort， and teamwork - the very opposite of a belief in chance.The integrity of athletes lies in their ability to master the circumstances of a game.

　　In sports， unforeseen circumstances are not considered luck but rather a challenge to test the skills of athletes.Sports should not be sullied by the false hopes of quick riches by gamblers pining for a “lucky break.” Like society itself， sports rely on each person's desire to understand the causality of events and make the best of them.Athletes know they cannot put faith in so-called fortune.Nor should governments.If states now boost sports betting by legalizing it， what message are they sending about athletics - in fact， about any physical or mental endeavor?

　　According to Bill Bradley， a former NBA star and the then-senator who sponsored the 1992 law， placing bets on players makes them no better than roulette chips.Sports have a dignity that defies those who want to see games turning on a twist of fate.

　　Mr.Bradley also gives a second reason for governments not to push betting on sports.Should gambling be allowed on Little League games or middle-school athletics? Even New Jersey， which led the case against the 1992 act， did not want betting on its local teams.

　　Up to now， most major professional sports leagues were opposed to lifting the federal- ban.They feared athletes might throw a game or simply rig a play at the request of gambling agencies， as is often the case in many parts of the world.If games were seen as gamed， fans might flee.Now after this ruling， however， leagues might be tempted by the possibility they could get what is misnamed an “integrity fee，” or a percentage of gambling revenues from each game.States， too， appear tempted to gain tax revenue from sports gambling - although they should first look at how little Nevada has actually gained from sports betting in comparison to other types of gambling.

　　The uncertainties of legalized， regulated sports gambling in the United States are very high.But one certainty remains： Sports must remain pure in their purpose as a contest of what athletes give in a game， not what betting can take from them.

　　Which of the following best represents the major idea underlying the 1992 law?

　　AAthletes are vulnerable to false hopes of quick riches.

　　BUnforeseen situations bring out the best in athletes.

　　CSports betting is a threat to the integrity of sports.

　　DAlmost all sports contain a certain amount of luck.

　　参考答案：C

　　[单选题]

　　How， when and where death happens has changed over the past century.As late as 1990 half of deaths worldwide were caused by chronic diseases; in 2015 the share was two-thirds， Most deaths in rich countries follow years of uneven deterioration.Roughly two-thirds happen in a hospital or nursing home.They often come after a climax of desperate treatment.

　　Such passionate intervention can be agonising for all concerned.These medicalised deaths do not seem to be what people want.Polls find that most people in good health hope that， when the time comes， they will die at home.They want to die free from pain， at peace， and surrounded by loved ones for whom they are not a burden.But some deaths are unavoidably miserable.Not everyone will be in a condition to toast death's imminence with champagne， as Anton Chekhov did.What people say they will want while they are well may change as the end nears.Dying at home is less appealing if all the medical kit is at the hospital.A treatment that is unbearable in the imagination can seem like the lesser of two evils when the alternative is death.Some patients will want to fight until all hope is lost.

　　But too often patients receive drastic treatment in spite of their dying wishes-by default， when doctors do “everything possible”， as they have been trained to， without talking through people's preferences or ensuring that the prediction is clearly understood.The legalisation of doctor-assisted dying has been called for， so that mentally fit， terminally ill patients can be helped to end their lives if that is their wish.But the right to die is just one part of better care at the end of life.The evidence suggests that most people want this option， but that few would， in the end， choose to exercise it.

　　To give people the death they say they want， medicine should take some simple steps.More palliative care is needed.Providing it earlier in the course of advanced cancer alongside the usual treatments turns out not only to reduce suffering， but to prolong life， too.Most doctors enter medicine to help people delay death， not to talk about its inevitability.But talk they must.

　　Medicare， America's public health scheme for the over-65s， has recently started paying doctors for in-depth conversations with terminally ill patients; other national health-care systems， and insurers> should follow.Cost is not an obstacle， since informed， engaged patients will be less likely to want pointless procedures.Fewer doctors may be sued， as poor communication is a common theme in malpractice claims.

　　A century ago.death was characterized as being______.

　　Aquick

　　Bslow

　　Cmedicalised

　　Dpeaceful

　　参考答案：A

　　[单选题]

　　If a genetic test could tell whether you are at increased risk of getting cancer or Alzheimer's， would you take it? Once used only for medical reasons? basic predictive genetic tests can now be ordered online for a few hundred dollars.In April，one company， 23andMe， in California? received regulatory approval to screen for risk factors connected to ten diseases and genetic conditions.The ruling could open the floodgates for others to sell direct to consumers.

　　Unlike diagnostic genetic tests， predictive ones are conducted on people without symptoms.Tests might influence financial as well as medical decisions.Someone likely to contract cancer may buy cancer or critical- illness cover， which pays a lump sum upon diagnosis.Because predictive tests - unlike diagnostic ones - often need not be disclosed， the customer can secure an advantage over a future insurer.

　　So underwriters warn that predictive genetic testing could well lead to adverse selection.The New York Times recently reported on a woman who bought long-term care insurance after testing positive for ApoE4，a mutation of a gene related to increased risk of Alzheimer's.The insurer had tested her memory three times before issuing the policy， but could not know about the genetic result.Asymmetry of information - when the customer knows more than the insurer - is the industry's nightmare.If predictive tests further improve and become more common while non-disclosure rules stay in place， some insurance products might eventually die out.Either insurers would go belly-up， or premiums would become prohibitively expensive.Hence， argue some insurers， if the customer knows something relevant about their health， so should the insurer.

　　However， those seeking new policies fear that underwriters may use predictive information to discriminate.Some might lose access to insurance.This raises ethical questions about when， if ever， genetic discrimination is acceptable.Moreover， since the relative role that genes play in the development of diseases is still being studied， some people might be unfairly and wrongly penalised.

　　Regulations today often protect consumers from the compulsory disclosure of predictive tests.But the rules are patchy.In Britain the industry has agreed to a blanket suspension， renewable every three years， on using predictive genetic information.In America the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act bans health insurers from using such results， but is silent on other types of insurance.

　　Some regulators， such as Germany's， have outlawed direct-to-consumer tests.But nothing stops Germans from ordering from abroad， and， just as it became normal for life insurers to ask for family history， so insurers will surely eventually have access to relevant genetic information.The question will be what they are allowed to do with it.When blood tests for AIDS first appeared， insurers also complained about adverse selection.Many jurisdictions ruled they could not be used for calculating health premiums， as these were a basic good， but could be used for life policies.As genetic testing spreads， society and insurers may face many similar difficult assessments.

　　Insurers argue that there should be______.

　　Aequal access to predictive information

　　Brestraint on genetic test development

　　Cpolicy support for new insurance products

　　Dlegislative control on premium increases

　　参考答案：A

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