Compared with other areas of our social lives,we tend to boast far more on social media.For instance,few of us will stand on a neighborhood corner and declare how accomplished we are or how much we love our spouse.On Facebook,however,we have no uneasiness about routinely posting photographs of intimate family gatherings,foreign vacations,and fancy meals.What's more,many of us share boasts with hundreds or even thousands of social media connections,with little knowledge or concern about who's seeing them or what effect it has on them.Despite the risk of negative effects,we can't help boasting on social media because,as psychologists have argued,boasting satisfies fundamental human motives of creating a favorable first impression with strangers,and building a positive image among those who know us.In our vast social media spheres,boasting is also a good way,or even possibly the only way,to attract attention.

　　正确答案：和我们社交生活的其他领域相比.我们在社交媒体上自夸的频率往往要高得多。比方说，我们很少人会站在街角，宣称自己如何有成就、多么爱自己的配偶。但是，我们例行公事般地在脸书上发布亲密家庭成员聚会、出国度假及豪华大餐的照片而丝毫不觉不安。不仅如此，我们很多人与数以百计甚至千计的社交媒体联系人分享自己引以为豪的事物，对谁在看它们、它们产生了什么影响既不怎么了解，也不怎么关心。尽管存在带来负面效果的风险，我们还是禁不住在社交媒体上自吹自擂，因为正如心理学家所言，自夸满足了人类的基本动机：给陌生人留下美好的第一印象，在熟人中树立正面形象。在我们庞大的社交媒体圈子中，自夸也是引起关注的一个好方法，甚至可能是唯一的方法。  

　　Longevity is one of humanity's great accomplishments.Yet it is seen as one of society's great headaches.As the world greys,growth,tax revenues and workforces will decline while spending on pensions and health care will increase.However,those extra years of life are predominantly healthy ones.Too many governments and firms fail to recognise this fact,instead lumping all the extra years in the damning category of 65 and over.This binary way of thinking,seeing retirement as a cliff edge over which workers and consumers suddenly tumble,bears little relation to the real world.A more radical approach would start by acknowledging that,in the rich world at least,many of the old are still young.They want to work,but more flexibly.They want to spend money,too.In western Europe the over-60s will account for 59%of consumption growth in cities between now and 2030,says McKinsey,a consultancy.

　　正确答案：长寿是人类伟大的成就之一。然而，它被视为令社会头疼的一大难题。随着世界人口逐渐老龄化，经济增长、税收以及劳动力将会衰退，而养老金和医疗保健支出将会增加。但是.在寿命延长的那些年头中，人们绝大多数都是健康的。太多政府和公司都未能认识到这个事实，而是将多出来的这几年胡乱地并人“65岁及以上”这个诅咒性的年龄组别。这样的二元思维方式，将退休视为让劳动者和消费者突然跌落的悬崖边缘，与现实世界并不相称。一种更为激进的思考方式会首先承认，至少在富裕国家中，许多老年人仍然年轻。他们想工作，不过是以更灵活式工作。他们也想花钱。咨询公司麦肯锡称，从现在起到2030年，西欧60岁以上人群将贡献59%的城市消费增长。  

　　One thing most people these days seem absolutely certain about-and yes,this is a bit ironic-is that absolutist thinking is bad.Making inflexible demands of the world,then losing temper when they're unmet,is no path to happiness.Nor is seeing every issue in black and white,or refusing to be friends with anyone who doesn't share every one of your views.Absolutism is no healthier when turned inwards,either,where it manifests as perfectionism.Yet we all engage in absolutist thinking anyway,because it's easier:we cling to simple rules depression.It's easy to see why absolutism might trigger distress:the more rigid your map of the world,the more opportunities you're creating for that map to collide with the messiness of reality.

　　正确答案：如今，大多数人似乎绝 对肯定的一件事情是：绝 对主义思维有害(是的，这有点讽刺)。对生活提出刻板要求，未能满足就大发脾气，这并非幸福之道。认为世间万物非黑即白、非观点毫无二致者不结交，这同样无法带来幸福。绝 对主义内化时表现为完美主义，同样于健康不利。然而，我们还是都会陷于绝 对主义思维，因为这更容易：我们执迷于简单的法则，以期在原本极其复杂的星球上生存下去。遗憾的是，这一人皆有之的习惯倘若做得过火，反而会阻碍我们身体运转：越来越多的证据表明，绝 对主义思维可能引发抑郁症。不难明白绝 对主义为何带来痛苦：你对生活的图谱越是死板，你所创造的令其与现实的混乱相冲突的机会也就越多。  

　　We experience a burst of pleasure when we share our thoughts,and this drives us to communlcate.It is a useful feature of our brain,because it ensures that knowledge,experience and ideas do not get buried with the person who first had them,and that as a society we benefit from the products of many minds.Of course,in order for that to happen,merely sharing is not enough.We need to cause a reaction.Each time we share our opinions and knowledge,it is with the intention of having an impact on others.Here's the problem,though:we approach this task from inside our own heads.When attempting to create impact,we reflect on what is persuasive to us,our state of mind.our desires and our goals.But if we want to affect the behaviours and beliefs of the person in front of us,we need to understand what goes on inside their head.

　　正确答案：我们在分享自己的想法时会感到一阵愉悦.正是这种感觉驱使我们进行交流。我们大脑的这个特点非常有用.因为它保证了知识、经验和想法不会随着它们最初的拥有者而遭到埋没;我们作为一个社会，则能从许多聪明人的成果中受益。当然，要使这种情况发生，单纯的分享是不够的。我们需要引起一个反应。我们每次分享自己的意见和知识时，正是抱着对他人施加影响的目的。但这正是问题所在：我们从自己的内心出发处理这件事情。当我们试图造成影响时，我们回想对我们具有说服力的东西.我们的精神状态，我们的渴望以及我们的目标。但我们如果想影响我们面前这个人的行为和想法，却需要理解他们的脑子里在想什么。  

　　Whenever you make an overly general statement about another person or about yourself,you are likely to be distorting the facts and conveying very little useful information.This is because most generalizations fail to differentiate between states and traits.A state is a temporary way of being while a trait tends to be a more stable and enduring characteristic or pattern of behavior.So,someone with a character trait of calmness and composure can,under certain circumstances,act agitated and angry because of being in a temporary state that is quite uncharacteristic of his regular style.Hence,"You are selfish"is vague generalization.Indeed,"You are selfish"implies that is quite uncharacteristic of his regular style.Hence,"You are selfish"is vague generalization.Indeed,"You are selfish"implies that the person almost always makes inconsiderate or self-centered choices that disregard the needs and wishes of others.But an occasional selfish act does not make someone selfish across the board because even a very generous person can occasionally be in a state during which he is anything but generous.

　　正确答案：每当你做出关于别人或自己的过于概括的陈述，你可能在歪曲事实，并传达很少的有用信息。这是因为大部分概括没能区分状态和特征。状态是暂时的存在方式，而特征往往是更稳定、更持续的特点或行为模式。因此，具有沉着镇静的性格特征的人可能在某些情况下表现得焦虑和愤怒，因为他正处于一种暂时的状态.这种状态很不像他的惯常风格。凶此，“你是自私的”是模糊的概括。其实，“你是自私的”暗示此人几乎总是做出不体贴或者以自我为中心的选择，不顾别人的需求和愿望。但是偶尔的自私行为并不会使人在一切情况下都自私，因为即使是一个非常慷慨的人也会偶尔处于一种绝不慷慨的状态。  

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