Text 3

　　Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn’t it? And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn’t academic.

　　But while this may be true, it’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated “race to the finish line,” whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact, it probably enhances it.

　　Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.

　　If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn’t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes. It’s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.

　　31.One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that .

　　[A] they think it academically misleading

　　[B] they have a lot of fun to expect in college

　　[C] it feels strange to do differently from others

　　[D] it seems worthless to take off-campus courses

　　[答案][C] it feels strange to do differently from others

　　32.Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps .

　　[A] keep students from being unrealistic

　　[B] lower risks in choosing careers

　　[C] ease freshmen’s financial burdens

　　[D] relieve freshmen of pressures

　　[答案][D] relieve freshmen of pressures

　　33.The word “acclimation” (Line 8, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to .

　　[A] adaptation

　　[B] application

　　[C] motivation

　　[D] competition

　　[答案][A] adaptation

　　34.A gap year may save money for students by helping them .

　　[A] avoid academic failures

　　[B] establish long-term goals

　　[C] switch to another college

　　[D] decide on the right major

　　[答案][D] decide on the right major

　　35.The most suitable title for this text would be .

　　[A] In Favor of the Gap Year

　　[B] The ABCs of the Gap Year

　　[C] The Gap Year Comes Back

　　[D] The Gap Year： A Dilemma

　　[答案][A] In Favor of the Gap Year

　　Text 4

　　Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.

　　In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency’s other work—such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans.

　　Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?

　　“It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country,” he says.” We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, “Wait a minute, is this OK?” “Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?”

　　Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say.

　　For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change—how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.

　　While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of the equation.

　　“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways,” he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to “an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited.”

　　At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says.

　　“We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,” Balch says. “It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today.”

　　36.More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they .

　　[A] exhausted unprecedented management efforts

　　[B] consumed a record-high percentage of budget

　　[C] severely damaged the ecology of western states

　　[D] caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure

　　[答案][B] consumed a record-high percentage of budget

　　37.Moritz calls for the use of “a magnifying glass” to .

　　[A] raise more funds for fire-prone areas

　　[B] avoid the redirection of federal money

　　[C] find wildfire-free parts of the landscape

　　[D] guarantee safer spending of public funds

　　[答案][D] guarantee safer spending of public funds

　　38.While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that .

　　[A] public debates have not settled yet

　　[B] fire-fighting conditions are improving

　　[C] other factors should not be overlooked

　　[D] a shift in the view of fire has taken place

　　[答案][C] other factors should not be overlooked

　　39.The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to .

　　[A] discover the fundamental makeup of nature

　　[B] explore the mechanism of the human systems

　　[C] maximize the role of landscape in human life

　　[D] understand the interrelations of man and nature

　　[答案][D] understand the interrelations of man and nature

　　40.Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should .

　　[A] do away with

　　[B] come to terms with

　　[C] pay a price for

　　[D] keep away from

　　[答案][B] come to terms with