第二篇 句法

　　一、 主 要 句 式

　　(一) 知识概要

　　初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。　陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种：① 主语+不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night.② 主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good English?Chinese Dictionary yesterday.③ 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give, ask, pass, teach.④ 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.⑤ 主语+系动词+表语，如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be…句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a map on the wall?其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be动词，不要换用have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.

　　在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点：① 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。②有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如： The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。③ 有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如： This pair of glasses is good? My glasses are broken. ④有些形单却意为复数的名词，如： People are coming here? 这样的词还有 Police， 如果要讲一个警察时，应讲 a policeman。 两个警察为 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen? ⑤　所有不定代词 each， either， neither， one， the other， nobody， nothing， anyone， anything， someone， something … 要作为单数如： Someone is waiting for you?

　　在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有： and not only … but also，　neither … nor，　either … or? 如: My sister and my parents are going to the cinema。

　　表示转折关系的并列连词有： but 和 yet， 如： She is a good student, but she didn't pass the final exam. 又如： I think the news is strange, yet it is true

　　表示选择关系的连词有：or， either … or，如： Hurry up, or you will be late for school?

　　表示因果关系的并列连词有： for， so 如： They studied very hard， so they all passed the exam

　　在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种，而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将 在下面另一章予以介绍。

　　我们首先来看宾语从句。①　在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如： I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如： I knew that he was a good man? 这时宾语从句的连接词有 that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用，不在句中充当语法成分，既不是主语也不是宾语，所以在口语中常常被省略。如： I am sure (that) she has passed the exam? ②if, whether 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用，不起语法作用，当作是否讲。从句中有 or not 结构时，要用 whether, 如： I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch? I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not? 　③　what 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外，还要作主语或宾语成份，如： I don't understand what you said? (what 作 said 的宾语)。又如： I asked him what made him sick (what 在宾语从句中作主语)。④　who，它也和what一样，在句中除作连接词外，可以充当句中的成份，如：I know who she is looking for? ⑤　whose 如： I want to know whose book this is? ⑥　which 如： Do you know which book is mine?

　　在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词，①　how 它的应用最广，如： how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old …。如： How much does it cost? ②　when 它只是连接时间状语，如： Please tell me when the meeting will begin? ③　where 它连接地点状语，如： Where are you from? ④　why 它要连接的是原因状语从句，如： The teacher asked why Tom didn't come to school.

　　在考试中常见到的考点是：　宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。①　主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态， 如： I know he didn't come. 我知道他没来。 I know he will come tomorrow? 我知道他明天来。I know he has gone to London? 我知道他已去伦敦了。　②　主句中的谓语动词若是过去时，宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如： 一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时，不能用现在时态。如： I wanted to know when he would come? The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun

　　状语从句主要有时间状语从句，其连接词有：after， before， when， as， as soon as， until (till)， while， since， by?其中较难掌握的有以下几点：　①　until (till) 直到，在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词，它要用肯定句，如： I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如： He didn't go to bed until his mother came back? ?②　由?since， for， by， before 来引导的时间状语从句。 since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如： I have studied English since 1990? 而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如： I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term? 而before 则多用于完成时， ago 则多用于一般过去时，如： He had finished his work before twelve yesterday? I left my hometown two years ago? ③　在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，如： If it rains, they won't go to the park　on Sunday? 也可以主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去进行时，如： He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park?

　　考试中常见的考点有：要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句，因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态，如： I want to know if he will come here tomorrow? 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系，如： I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow

　　在原因状语从句中主要是①　because， 应译为"因为"。它表达的因果关系最强，如： He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard? ②　since 应译为"既然"，如： Since you were ill yesterday? I left some notes on your desk? ③　as 应译为"由于"，如： As it is too hot we'd better go swimming? since 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比 because 弱得多。而 for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首，如： He studies hard, for he wants to go to college?

　　在比较状语从句中有同级比较 as … as， 如： This book is as good as that one? 要注意的有两点：①　as … as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。②　用形容词还是副词，如： Mary writes as carefully as Tom? 而其否定句为 not as (so) … as， 如： They didn't work so hard as we did, 而不同级比较用比较级加 than, 如： He is younger than I am? 要注意的是表示"越来越"这一概念时有两个句型：①　比较级+and+比较级，如： The days are getting longer and longer? The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful? ②　定冠词 the + 比较级+ the + 比较级，如： The harder you study, the more you can learn?　方式状语中要注意的是as (连词)与 like (介词)的区别。 as 作为连词其后接从句，如： Please do it as I did it? 但后面的句子常作省略，如： Please do it as I? 而 like 是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如： Please do it like me

　　结果和目的状语从句主要有 so … that， so that， in order that等几种用法。①　so … that?用在单数可数名词前，so + 形容词 + a + 名词 + that，如： She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her? 或用 such + a + 形容词 + 名词 + that, 如： She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her? ②　在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 such， 如： It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic? 又如： They are such good players that they should win the game.　③　在much， many， few， little 之前只能用so， 如： I have so little money that I can't buy it? ④　so … that 之间只有形容词时，则不能用 such， 如： It is so good that I want to buy? ⑤　so that 其后接从句，如： I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus?

　　(二)　正误辨析

　　[误] The stories in that book was written many years ago?

　　[正] The stories in that book were written many years ago.

　　[析] 作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词，它们往往要带有修饰词，这些词可能是形容词，也可能是短语，但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数，要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份，如： book 作了 of 的介词宾语则不可能再作主语了。

　　[误] To read many books are good for you?

　　[正] To read many books is good for you?

　　[析] 不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。

　　[误] What he said are right?

　　[正] What he said is right?

　　[析] 从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。

　　[正] The rich is not always happy?

　　[误] The rich are not always happy?

　　[析] 形容词+定冠词表示一类人，谓语动词应用复数，如： The young are very interested in study and sports?

　　[误] The school master and writer are coming?

　　[正] The school master and writer is coming?

　　[析] 本句应译为：校长兼作家就要来了。而 The school master and the writer are coming? 则要译为：校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有 The girl and boy are playing on the grass? 这应译为：一个女孩，一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如： the husband and wife? 夫妻二人。

　　[误] You or she go to get some water for us?

　　[正] You or she goes to get some water for us?

　　[析] 由 or 连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有 either … or，neither … nor， not only … but also 也有人称作"就近原则"。

　　[误] The teacher with a lot of students come into the classroom?

　　[正] The teacher with a lot of students comes into the classroom?

　　[析] 真正的主语是 the teacher， 而 with 短语是伴随状态，不影响主语的数。

　　[误] My glasses is broken?

　　[正] My glasses are broken?

　　[误] This pair of glasses are good?

　　[正] This pair of glasses is good?

　　[误] These kinds of butter is good.

　　[正] These kinds of butter are good?

　　[析] 英语中有些名词只有复数形式，如： glasses 眼镜， shorts 短裤等。如没有量词在前时，要用复数谓语动词，但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算。

　　[误] One of the boys are going to take part in the match?

　　[正] One of the boys is going to take part in the match?

　　[析] One of 结构应以 one 来计算主语的数。

　　[误] Half of the work are done?

　　[正] Half of the work is done?

　　[误] Half of the books is read?

　　[正] Half of the books are read?

　　[析] 在小于1的数量词作主语时，如： 2 3 ，80%，0.35… + of +名词，这时主语的数应按 of 后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数，则谓语动词要用单数，如名词是复数则要用复数谓语动词。

　　[误] Each sides are full of trees?

　　[正] Each side is full of trees?

　　[误] Both side is full of trees?

　　[正] Both sides are full of trees?

　　[析] each， either 其后都要加单数名词，而 both 后要加复数名词。 如： each， either， another， little， a little， much等作主语时，谓语动词全部要用单数形式。

　　[误] The boys each has an apple?

　　[正] The boys each have an apple?

　　[析] each 作同位语时，不影响句子的主语。

　　[误] Everyone of us has a ticket for the concert?

　　[正] Every one of us has a ticket for the concert?

　　[析] everyone， someone， everybody … 在作主语时都不能加 of 结构。

　　[误] Girls like dancing very much， but few likes playing football?

　　[正] Girls like dancing very much， but few like playing football?

　　[析] few 虽然含意上是"几乎没有"，但作主语时仍要当作复数。

　　[误] The number of the workers in that factory are two hundred?

　　[正] The number of the workers in that factory is two hundred?

　　[析] the number of 意为：某某的数字是…… 如： the number of students 学生人数， the number of players 运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而 a number of 与 many 意思相同，其后加可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数形式。如： A number of students are playing on the grass?

　　[误] The rest of the students is here?

　　[正] The rest of the students are here?

　　[误] The rest of the work are done?

　　[正] The rest of the work is done?