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　　1.The Declaration of Independence not only gave birth to the new American nation but also gave a philosophy of human rights to the world.

　　2.It was in Portugal, with the guidance of Prince Henry the Navigator, that exploration and discovery began in earnest. Driven partly by the hope of outflanking the Islamic world, partly by the hope of trade, the Portuguese by 1446 reached Cape Verde, then the equator, and by 1482 the Congo River.

　　3.In the nineteenth century, and especially after the coming of the steamship, the stream of European emigration to the new empty lands of America and Australia rose for some decades to the scale of a great migration.

　　4.The final Roman withdrawal in 408 followed a period of increasing disorder during which the island began to be raided by Angles, Saxons and Jutes from northern Europe. It is from the Angles that the name "England" derives.

　　5.On June 22, 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union that was the largest military land campaign in history. Caught off guard, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to "scorch the earth" in front of the German invaders.

　　6.The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate General P. G. T.

　　Beauregard opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, and lasted until May 26, 1865, when the last Confederate army surrendered.

　　7.The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the rapid expansion of the Indian railroad network dramatically cut the time and costs of importing Indian products into Great Britain and other parts of the Empire.

　　8.Climatic conditions, overpopulation, political rivalries, civil war, and domestic economic policies also contributed notably throughout the twentieth century to the recurrent horror of famine.

　　9.Abraham Lincoln, was determined at all costs to preserve the unity of the nation, even if it meant war.

　　10.Renaissance was a movement called the "revival of learning", and as a result some brave people started their expedition by sailing west across the Atlantic with a belief in their minds that the earth was round.

　　答案

　　1.《独立宣言》不仅宣告美国这个新型国家的诞生，而且将人权至上的哲学昭告于全世界。

　　2.历史上，真正意义上的航海探索是在葡萄牙“航海家亨利亲王”的领导下开始的。葡萄牙人一方面希望绕过伊斯兰世界，另一方面，又希望发展贸易。1446年他们的船队到达佛得角，随后行至赤道，1482年到达了刚果河。

　　3.19世纪，特别是出现汽船之后，欧洲向美洲和澳大利亚无人居住的新大陆移民的潮流涌动了几十年，到最后演变成大规模的迁移。

　　4.在罗马人于408年最后撤走之前，该岛开始遭到来自北欧的盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人的侵扰，经历了一段日趋混乱的时期。“England”这个词正是从“Angles”而来的。

　　5.1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而战，入侵苏联，发动了历史上规模最大的一场陆地战役。苏联领导人约瑟夫·斯大林被打了个措手不及，他指示全国人民在德国入侵者到来之前实行“焦土”政策。

　　6.1861年4月12日，南部邦联的博勒加德将军对南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿港的萨姆特要塞首先开火，美国内战爆发，一直持续到1865午5月26日最后一支南部邦联军投降。

　　7.1869年苏伊士运河开通，后来铁路在印度国内迅速延伸，由此印度产品运往英国及英帝国其他地方，时间大大缩短，成本大幅下降。

　　8.气候变化、人口激增、政治对立、内战和国内经济政策也是导致整个20世纪饥荒不断的主要原因。

　　9.亚伯拉翰·林肯坚持不惜一切代价维护联邦的统一，即使发生战争，也在所不惜。

　　10.文艺复兴被称为“恢复学习”的运动，因此一些勇敢的人开始横渡大西洋，向西航行，他们坚信地球是圆的。

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