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　　Section 1 English-Chinese Translation(Translate the following passage into Chinese.)

　　1.Historians and many members of the public already know that Winston Churchill often took high-stakes gambles in his political life. Some, like the disastrous Dardanelles campaign — an audacious attempt he masterminded at the Admiralty to seize the straits of Gallipoli and knock Turkey out of the first world war — he got wrong. Others, notably his decision as prime minister in 1940 to hold out against Nazi Germany until America came to rescue Britain, he got spectacularly right. But the extent to which Churchill was a gambler in other spheres of his life has tended not to catch his biographers' attention. Two new books attempt to fill this gap. The first is”No More Champagne” by David Lough, a private-banker-tumed-historian who looks at Churchill's personal finances during the ups and downs of his career. Mr. Lough has trawled through Churchill's personal accounts and found that he was as much a risk-taker when it came to his money as he was when he was making decisions at the Admiralty or in Downing Street. Although Churchill was descended from the Dukes of Marlborough, his parents had “very little money on either side” 一 though that never stopped them living the high life. Neither did it hamper the young Churchill; he spent wildly on everything from polo ponies to Havana cigars, a habit he picked up as a war correspondent in Cuba. It is no wonder, then, that Churchill spent most of his life leaping from one cash flow crisis to another, being perennially behind with his suppliers5 bills. Another new book, “Winston Churchill Reporting”,by Simon Read, an American journalist, looks at one of the ways Churchill eventually paid some of them: writing. Mr. Read investigates how Churchill went from a young army officer cadet to being Britain's highest-earning war correspondent by the age of 25. It was the extent to which the young reporter was willing to take risks on battlefields across the world that marked out his columns from those of his contemporaries. Both books manage to tell their tales of Churchill the adventurer and gambler elegantly. And for a financial biography, Mr. Lough's is a surprising page-turner. But the two authors only briefly link their assessments of Churchill's personality to the important decisions he made in office. Although their stories are worth telling, they have left bigger questions about Churchill to other historians.

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　　2.The countries that minted the most female college graduates in fields like science, engineering, or math were also some of the least gender-equal countries. According to a paper by Gijsbert Stoet and David Geary, psychologists at Leeds Beckett University and the University of Missouri respectively, this is because the countries that empower women also empower them, indirectly, to pick whatever career they'd enjoy most and be best at. "Countries with the highest gender equality tend to be welfare states," they write, "with a high level of social security." Meanwhile, less gender-equal countries tend to also have less social support for people who, for example, find themselves unemployed. Thus, the authors suggest, girls in those countries might be more inclined to choose stem professions, since they offer a more certain financial future than，say, painting or writing. When the experts looked at the "overall life satisfaction" rating of each country — a measure of economic opportunity and hardship — they found that gender-equal countries had more life satisfaction. The life-satisfaction ranking explained 35 percent of the variation between gender equality and women's participation in stem. That correlation echoes past research showing that the genders are actually more segregated by field of study in more economically developed places. The upshot of this research is neither especially feminist nor especially sad: Ifs not that gender equality discourages girls from pursuing science. Ifs that it allows them not to if they're not interested. The findings will likely seem controversial, since the idea that men and women have different inherent abilities is often used as a reason, by some，to argue we should forget trying to recruit more women into the stem fields. But, as the University of Wisconsin gender- studies professor Janet Shibley Hyde put it, that9s not quite what's happening here. "Some would say that the gender stem gap occurs not because girls can't do science， but because they have other alternatives, based on their strengths in verbal skills," she said. ''In wealthy nations, they believe that they have the freedom to pursue those alternatives and not worry so much that they pay less." Instead, this line of research, if it’s replicated, might hold useful takeaways for people who do want to see more Western women entering stem fields. In this study, the percentage of girls who did excel in science or math was still larger than the number of women who were graduating with stem degrees. That means there’s something in even the most liberal societies that’s nudging women away from math and science, even when those are their best subjects. The women-in-stem advocates could, for starters, focus their efforts on those would-be stem stars.

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　　Section 2 Chinese-English Translation(Translate the following passage into English.)

　　1.中国共产党十一届三中全会解放了思想，冲破了旧有体制的制约和旧有观念的束 缚，打开了中国改革开放的总闸门。从那时起，改革的力量就像洪水一样奔涌而出， 为中国冲开了一条富强之路。40年来，中国用无数个“第一”，标记了改革开放的进 程，为这一波澜壮阔的历程做出了完美的诠释。1987年，肯德基在北京开业，中国人 第一次不出国门品尝“洋快餐”。1990年，上海证券交易所挂牌营业，标志着中国资本市场正式启动。2001年，中国正式加入WTO,加速融入国际社会，推动经济发展进 入全球化的快车道。 中国命运的改变始于40年前的那次会议，但40年来中国所取得的巨大进步，却不是一蹴而就，而是中国人民用辛勤的汗水踏踏实实干出来的;改革开放也不是一次变革，而是一条不会停下的发展道路。中国庆祝改革开放40年，也是从新的历史起点上再出发。

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　　2.……文明是多彩的，人类文明因多样才有交流互鉴的价值。阳光有七种颜色，世界也是多彩的。一个国家和民族的文明是一个国家和民族的集体记忆。人类在漫长的 历史长河中，创造和发展了多姿多彩的文明。从茹毛饮血到田园农耕，从工业革命到信息社会，构成了波澜壮阔的文明图谱，书写了激荡人心的文明华章。 “一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。”……不论是中华文明，还是世界上存在 的其他文明，都是人类文明创造的成果。 我参观过法国卢浮宫，也参观过中国故宫博物院，它们珍藏着千万件艺术珍品， 吸引人们眼球的正是其展现的多样文明成果。文明交流互鉴不应该以独尊某一种文明 或者贬损某一种文明为前提。中国人在2000多年前就认识到了 “物之不齐，物之情也”的道理。推动文明交流互鉴，可以丰富人类文明的色彩，让各国人民享受更富内 涵的精神生活、开创更有选择的未来。

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