第 30 题：Reading Comprehension:

　　Social control refers to social processes, planned or unplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, or forced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments or negative sanctions are established for deviant behavior. Without deviant behavior there would not be need for social control and without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable and the unacceptable.

　　Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others and withholding of positive rewards for disapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group''s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual''s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents and agencies include psychiatry and other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police and courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, and control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents and systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups and to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules and who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.

　　Social control, whether formal or informal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer and reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, and less recognized, it regu?lates the manner in which deviants are treated.

　　1小题>

　　Social control refers to processes by which________.

　　A norms are developed

　　B norms are enforced

　　C people are educated and trained

　　D people are rewarded and punished

　　2小题>

　　Every society has its own________.

　　A planned systems

　　B controlled norms

　　C recognized boundary

　　D established sanctions

　　3小题>

　　Informal mechanisms of social control include the following EXCEPT________.

　　A a high level of interest in ensuring conformity

　　B expression of disapproval by significant others

　　C withholding of positive rewards for the deviants

　　D people's internalization of norms in socialization

　　4小题>

　　The most powerful protection against deviance is________.

　　A negative sanctions

　　B severe punishments

　　C the individual's conscience

　　D unrestrained suppression

　　5小题>

　　Formal agents of social control include the following EXCEPT________.

　　A police stations

　　B mental hospitals

　　C welfare agencies

　　D vocational schools

　　6小题>

　　The purpose of formal agents is to________.

　　A make beneficial rules

　　B preserve social orders

　　C control violation of norms

　　D define acceptable behavior

　　7小题>

　　Which statement about social control agents is NOT true?

　　A They tend to serve the interest of those who enforce the norms.

　　B They tend to serve the interest of those who receive a benefit.

　　C They tend to serve the interest of those who make the rules.

　　D They tend to serve the interest of those who are powerful.

　　8小题>

　　According to conflict theorists, social control agents and systems are________.

　　A liberal

　　B partial

　　C neutral

　　D overall

　　9小题>

　　In the third paragraph, "a dual function" refers to________.

　　A formal and informal

　　B rewards and penalties

　　C approval and disapproval

　　D clarification and regulation

　　10小题>

　　The perspective from which the author discusses social control is________.

　　A biological

　　B sociological

　　C psychological

　　D anthropological

　　第 31 题：Reading Comprehension:

　　Every group has a culture, however uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist, there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.

　　People once thought of the languages of backward groups as undeveloped. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex. They differ from Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this aspect, two things are to be noted. First, all languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. Second, the objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from the West, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"). But some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.

　　1小题>

　　Every group of human beings has________.

　　A its own set of ideas, beliefs and ways of life

　　B an extremely complex and delicate language

　　C its own elegant music, literature, and other arts

　　D the process of growing crops or raising animals

　　2小题>

　　To the professional linguists,________.

　　A there is no intrinsic superiority of cultures

　　B there is no intrinsic hierarchy of languages

　　C all languages came from grunts and groans

　　D all languages are most severe and standard

　　3小题>

　　Most languages of uncivilized groups are________.

　　A adequate

　　B numerous

　　C ingenious

　　D ingenuous

　　4小题>

　　Backward languages fall behind Western languages in________.

　　A structures

　　B vocabularies

　　C written forms

　　D sound patterns

　　5小题>

　　All languages, whether civilized or not, have their own________.

　　A ways to transfer ideas

　　B forms to satisfy needs

　　C abilities to answer description

　　D systems to expand vocabulary

　　6小题>

　　Which of the following statements is implied in the passage?

　　A Anthropologists have nothing to do with linguists.

　　B Linguists have nothing to do with anthropologists.

　　C The study of languages casts light upon the study of cultures.

　　D The study of cultures casts no light upon the study of languages.

　　7小题>

　　It is implied that all cultures have to be viewed________.

　　A profoundly

　　B intrinsically

　　C independently

　　D professionally

　　8小题>

　　According to this passage, to learn a foreign language would require one to________.

　　A do more activities

　　B learn about a new culture

　　C meet more people

　　D need more names

　　9小题>

　　The author's attitude shown in this passage toward "backward" languages is________.

　　A restrained

　　B subjective

　　C objective

　　D resolute

　　10小题>

　　This passage is on the whole________.

　　A narrative

　　B instructive

　　C prescriptive

　　D argumentative