2016下半年翻译考试基本技巧之正译与反译
来源 :中华考试网 2016-08-23
中英语中含有 no, not,never, non-,un-,im-,in-,ir-,-less 等成分的词句,汉语中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“别”、“休”、“莫V非”、“毋”、 “勿”等成分的词句,都称为否定说法,简称反说;相反,英汉语中不含这些成分的词句称为肯定说法,简称正说。从原则上说,英语中的正说最好译成汉语的正说,英语中的反说最好译成汉语的反说,以便更准确地传达原文的意义,但在实践中,两者的正反表达形式有时不能吻合,必须进行正反的转换,即将正说处理成反说,将反说处理成正说。
先谈正说转反说。在英语中,诸如avoid,cease,deny,fail,hate,ignore, miss, overlook, pass,prevent,stop 之类的动词,absence,aversion,failure,refusal 之类的名词,absent,far (from),free (from),little 之类的形容词,out,too ( ... to)之类的副词,above,beyond, instead of之类的介词,before,rather than之类的连接词,都属于“正说类”词汇,但译成汉语时,有时却要“正说反译”。例如:
1. Another person runs to avoid doing anything else, to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is leading nowhere.
另一个人跑步则是为了避而不做别的事,不对如何生活作出决定,不去感受自己生活碌碌无为
2. They were of coarse all intending to be surprised; but their astonishment was beyond their expectation...
当然大家都做好了惊讶的准备,但却没有料到会惊讶到这个地步……
3. He had an aversion to yielding so completely to his feelings,choosing rather to absent himself; and eating once in twenty-four hours seemed sufficient sustenance for him.
他不愿意完全凭感情用事,因此宁肯自己不来吃饭。看来,二十四小时吃一顿饭,在他是足够了。
例1中的avoid和dodge是两个正说概念的及物动词,都表示“回避”的意思,译成中文都用反说的“不”字来传译。例2中的 beyond是个正说概念的前置词,意思为“超出”,译成中文也改成反说的“没有(料到)”。例3中的名词aversion和动词absent,本来也都是正说概念,译成中文也都改成了反说的“不愿意”和“不来(吃饭)”。
有时候,英文中正说的句子可能处理成正说、反说都可以,但处理成反说可能更自然,更顺畅。请看下面两句:
4. I knew her before I ever met your mother.
我没遇见你妈妈之前就认识她了。
不少译者一看到before引导的状语从句,都习惯于译成正说的 “在……之前”,这样译不是不可以,但是像本例这样的句子,似乎译作“没……之前”更符合汉语的习惯。
与此相反,英文中一些表示否定概念的词语,在翻译时也可根据汉语的行文习惯,转换成肯定的说法。例如:
5. Even so, I still insist that for the individual himself nothing is more important than this personal, interior sense of right and wrong and his determination to follow that rather than to be guided by what everybody does or merely the criterion of “social usefulness.”
即便如此,我仍然坚持认为,对个人而言,最重要的莫过于这种根植于个人心灵深处的是非感,以及坚决按这行事的决心,而不是随波逐流,或仅仅以是否“对社会有益”为准则。
Nothing is more important than…本来也可以译成“没有什么比……更重要”,但由于than后面的成分太长,难以组织成文从字顺的汉语,因此,译者变反说为正说,译成“最重要的莫过于……”。再看下面两例:
6. Almost from the first, Strauss had his cloth dyed the distinctive indigo that gave blue jeans their name, but it was not until the 1870s that he added the copper rivets which have long since become a company trademark.
几乎从一开始,施特劳斯就把他的布料染成别具一格的靛蓝色,因此便有了蓝色牛仔裤之称。不过,直至19世纪70年代,他才往裤子上加了铜铆钉;长期以来,这铜铆钉也就成了公司的标志。
7. I believed then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. They were not the less beautiful to me.
这时我觉得我要死在那儿了,而下面山谷里的景致却看得异常清晰。在我看来,这些景致那样美丽。
例6中,not until是反说法,译成汉语变成正说的“直到”。例7的not the less属于双否定说法,翻译中不必“东施效颦”,也来个双否定,而只要根据汉语的习惯,译成正说的“依然那样”即可。
从实践来看,英语中的正说和反说,在多数情况下,还是译成汉语中相应的正说和反说。所以,对于正反说的转换,切不可随心所欲,为转换而转换,而是要确实出于需要——或是出于译文行文的需要,或是出于增强表达效果的需要,例如:
8. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general you know they visit no new comers.
卢卡斯爵士夫妇打定主意要去,还不就是为了这个缘故,因为你知道,他们通常是不去拜访新搬来的邻居的。
在这句话中,merely on that account也可以“正”译成“仅仅为了这个缘故”,但似乎显得平淡了一些,而“反”译成“还不就是为了这个缘故”,则能更加充分地表达出说话人的急切心态。