Section 2 Reading Comprehension：

　　1[单选题]Because early man viewed illness as divine punishment and healing as purification, medicine and religion were inextricably linked for centuries. This notion is apparent in the origin of our word "pharmacy," which comes from the Greek pharmakon, meaning "purification through purging."

　　By 3500 B.C., the Sumerians in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley had developed virtually all of our modem methods of administering drugs. They used gargles, inhalations, pills, lotions, ointments, and plasters. The first drug catalog, or pharmacopoeia, was written at that time by an unknown Sumerian physician. Preserved in cuneiform script on a single clay tablet are the names of dozens of drugs to treat ailments that still afflict us today.

　　The Egyptians added to the ancient medicine chest. The Ebers papyrus, a scroll dating from the 1900 B.C. and named after the German Egyptologist George Ebers, reveals the trial-and-error know-how acquired by early Egyptian physicians. To relieve indigestion, a chew of peppermint leaves and carbonates (known today as antacids) was prescribed, and to numb the pain of tooth extraction, Egyptian doctors temporarily stupefied a patient with ethyl alcohol.The scroll also provides a rare glimpse into the hierarchy of ancient drug preparation. The "chief of the preparers of drugs" was the equivalent of a head pharmacist, who supervised the"collectors of drugs," field workers who gathered essential minerals and herbs. The "preparers"aides,"(technicians) dried and pulverized ingredients, which were blended according to certain formulas by the "preparers." And the "conservator of drugs" oversaw the storehouse where local and imported mineral, herb and animal-organ ingredients were kept.

　　By the 7th century B.C., the Greeks had adopted a sophisticated mind-body view of medicine. They believed the physician must pursue the diagnosis and treatment of the physical (body) causes of disease within a scientific framework, as well as cure the supernatural (mind) components involved. Thus, the early Greek physician emphasized something of a holistic approach to health,even if the suspected "mental" causes of disease were not recognized as stress and depression, but interpreted as curses from displeased deities.

　　The modem era of pharmacology began in the 16th century, ushered in by the first major discoveries in chemistry. The understanding of how chemicals interact to produce certain effects within the body would eventually remove much of the guesswork and magic from medicine. Drugs had been launched on a scientific course, but centuries would pass before superstition was displaced by scientific fact. One major reason was that physicians, unaware of the existence of disease-causing pathogens, continued to dream up imaginary causative evils. And though new chemical compounds emerged, their effectiveness in treating disease was still based largely on trial and error. Many standard, common drugs in the medicine chest were developed in this trial-and-error environment. Such is the complexity of disease and human biochemistry that even today, despite enormous strides in medical science, many of the latest sophisticated additions to our medicine chest shelves were accidental finds.

　　The word "holistic" underlined in Paragraph 4 means______.

　　Amodem

　　Bcomprehensive

　　Cpsychological

　　Dlogical

　　参考答案：B

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　　Part 2 Vocabulary Replacement

　　1[单选题]The Internet is rapidly becoming another means of disseminating information traditionally made available through radio and television stations.

　　Acreating

　　Binterpreting

　　Cspreading

　　Dexpressing

　　参考答案：C

　　2[单选题]A study shows that while some women continued to outpace men in achievements, they ceasedmaking real progress at the top of an organization.

　　Astopped

　　Bretarded

　　Ccontained

　　Dprevented

　　参考答案：A

　　3[单选题]In building the world's largest advertising company over the past 30 years, Sir Martin Sorrel, chief executive of the WPP, has weathered two recessions and survived on a global financial crisis.

　　Asurvived from

　　Bsurvived in

　　Csurviving

　　Dsurvived

　　参考答案：D

　　Part 3 Error Correction

　　4[单选题]All the students in the class took part in the activity organized by the class besides him.

　　Aexcept

　　Bbeside

　　Cexcept for

　　Dexcept that

　　参考答案：A

　　5[单选题]Marco was impatient.He resented being asked to wait and expected the interviewer who sees him at once.

　　Ato see

　　Bthat sees

　　Cseeing

　　Dwhom to see

　　参考答案：A

　　6[单选题]The brevity of the sentence contrasts with the complexities of the preceding sentences, as if emphasize the insignificance of the lonely narrator against his background, the sea.

　　Aas if to emphasize

　　Bas if to be emphasizing

　　Cas if to have emphasized

　　Das if to have been emphasizing

　　参考答案：A

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