Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing

　　accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units

　　one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further

　　research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science

　　affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of

　　scientific activity.、

　　No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science

　　exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a

　　connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community

　　and. in panicu!二。。not fully share;:，values。。growth of specialization。。the

　　nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training

　　implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturallt

　　most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratort

　　training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United

　　Kingdom

　　A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a halfreveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research. but also a changingdefinition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus. in the nineteenthcentury, local geological Studies representedin the twentieth century,professionals only if theyAmateurs, on the other ban,oval studiesworthwhile research in their own right; buthave increasingly become acceptable toincorporate. and reflect on. thihave continued to pursue localwider geological picturestudies in the oldw.The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder foiamateurs. a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing

　　first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then妙several local geological

　　journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development. separate

　　journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur

　　readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists

　　coming together nationally within one or two specific societies. where the amateurs have

　　tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way

　　Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well

　　under way in British geology during the nineteenth century. its full consequences were

　　thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally. however. the nineteenth

　　century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

　　1. The growth of specialization in the loth century might be more clearly seen in sciences

　　such as

　　A. sociology and chemistry

　　B. physics and psychology

　　C. sociology and psychology

　　D. physics and chemistry

　　2. We can infer from the passage that

　　A. there is little distinction between specialization and professional ization

　　B. amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science

　　C. professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community

　　D. amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones

　　3. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate

　　A. the process of specialization and professional ization

　　B. tile hardship of amateurs in scientific study

　　C. the change of policies in scientific publications

　　D. the discrimination of professionals against amateurs

　　4. The direct reason for specialization is

　　A. the development in communication

　　B. the growth of professionalization

　　C. the expansion of scientific knowledge

　　D. the splitting up ofacademic societies

　　5.How about the author's attitudes toward the relationship between specialization and

　　professionalization?

　　A. in different B. objective C. indignant D. prejudiced

　　【答案】1-5 DBACB