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ACCA考试精选练习5

来源 :中华考试网 2016-04-26

  一.应收帐款及应付帐款在全年均维持在一个稳定的水平。

  Professional Level – Essentials Module,

  Professional Accountant

  1 (a) (i) Three Kohlberg levels

  At the preconventional level of moral reasoning, morality is conceived of in terms of rewards, punishments and

  instrumental motivations. Those demonstrating intolerance of regulations in preference for self-serving motives are

  typical preconventionalists.

  At the conventional level, morality is understood in terms of compliance with either or both of peer pressure/social

  expectations or regulations, laws and guidelines. A high degree of compliance is assumed to be a highly moral position.

  At the postconventional level, morality is understood in terms of conformance with ‘higher’ or ‘universal’ ethical

  principles. Postconventional assumptions often challenge existing regulatory regimes and social norms and so

  postconventional behaviour is often costly in personal terms.

  Level 1: Preconventional level

  Stage/Plane 1: Punishment-obedience orientation

  Stage/Plane 2: Instrumental relativist orientation

  Level 2: Conventional level

  Stage/Plane 3: Good boy-nice girl orientation

  Stage/Plane 4: Law and order orientation

  Level 3: Postconventional level

  Stage/Plane 5: Social contract orientation

  Stage/Plane 6: Universal ethical principle orientation

  (ii) The level that Jack Mineta operated at

  The evidence from the case suggests that Mr Mineta operated at the preconventional level. Although he seemed less

  concerned with punishment, his actions were strongly driven by the incentives of financial rewards suggesting a rewards

  orientation consistent with preconventional thinking. He seemed prepared to ignore internal control systems (‘I’m in this

  job for what I can get for myself – big risks bring big returns and big bonuses for me.’). The internal control systems at

  Global-bank placed clear limits on traders’ behaviour in terms of limits and exposure to the highest risk derivative

  instruments. Mr Mineta was unconcerned about compliance with controls and prevailing rules would have suggested

  conventional thinking. Had he complied with the internal control constraints, he would not have lost the large amount

  of money. Nor would he have made the large prior profits but these were manifestly not sustainable. Miss Hubu’s

  comment that he ‘didn’t believe in right and wrong’ excludes any suggestion that his ignoring of rules was driven by

  postconventional assumptions.

  (iii) Stage most appropriate for a professional bank employee

  The most appropriate level of moral development for Mr Mineta in his work is stage 4 within the conventional level (level

  2). This level stresses compliance with laws and regulations rather than the 3rd stage which is about compliance with

  norms to gain social acceptance.

  Stage 4 is concerned with legal and regulatory compliance and the moral right is that which is the most compliant with

  prevailing regulatory systems.

  [Tutorial note: it is possible to argue for other stages. Credit should be given for this only when robustly defended with

  evidence. Unsupported assertions should not be rewarded.]

  (b) FIVE typical causes of internal control failure and the performance of Global-bank

  There are several possible causes of internal control failure. The UK Turnbull report (in paragraph 22) gives examples of

  causes of failure but this list is not exhaustive.

  Poor judgement in decision-making. Internal control failures can sometimes arise from individual decisions being made based

  on inadequate information provision or by inexperienced staff.

  Human error can cause failures although a well-designed internal control environment can help control this to a certain extent.

  Control processes being deliberately circumvented by employees and others. It is very difficult to completely prevent deliberate

  circumvention, especially if an employee has a particular reason (in his or her opinion) to do so, such as the belief that higher

  bonuses will be earned.

  Management overriding controls, presumably in the belief that the controls put in place are inconvenient or inappropriate and

  should not apply to them.

  The occurrence of unforeseeable circumstances is the final cause referred to in the Turnbull Report. Control systems are

  designed to cope with a given range of variables and when an event happens outwith that range, the system may be unable

  to cope.

  Tutorial note: accept other, equivalent explanations or references to other governance codes if valid. Study texts make

  reference obliquely rather than as a ‘list’ to learn. The above points can be expressed in different ways.

  Time allowed

  This paper is divided into two sections:

  Section A – This ONE question is compulsory and MUST be attempted

  Section B – TWO questions ONLY to be attempted

  Do NOT open this paper until instructed by the supervisor.

  During reading and planning time only the question paper may

  be annotated. You must NOT write in your answer booklet until

  instructed by the supervisor.

  This question paper must not be removed from the examination hall.

  The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants

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