专题一 名词

　　1. 名词的数

　　概述: 名词按其表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。

　　可数名词及其单复数：可数名词有单复数变化，其前通常用不定冠词和数词来修饰，还可用many, few, a few, some, any, plenty of, lots of, a number of 等修饰。构成名词复数形式的方法分为规则法和不规则法两种。

　　复数的规则构成法：绝大多数英语中的名词复数都是在单数名词后加上词尾-s或-es构成的。具体规则如下图：

规则	例词
一般情况下加-s	apple-apples, ruler-rulers
以s, x, ch，sh,结尾的加-es	bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches, brush-brushes
以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变成i再加-es	city-cities, county-countries
以f或fe结尾的，把f或fe变成v,再加-es	knife-knives, leaf-leaves
以o结尾的，有的词尾加-es，有的加-s	在初中英语范围内加-es的主要有以下4个：tomato-tomatoes，potato-potatoes Hero-heroes， Negro-Negroes

　　2) 复数的不规则构成法：

　　a.单复同形的：Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese, deer-deer, sheep-sheep, fish-fish(表示鱼的数量)

　　b. 熟记下列词的复数变化：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, child-children

　　c. 以man, woman做定语构成的复合名词，变复数时要全变：a man teacher-two men teachers; 其他情况一般只变主体名词而作定语的名词不变：a girl student-two girl students

　　3. 不可数名词：不可数名词没有单复数。如：water, meat, air等。在表示数量时，通常用以下方法。

　　1)用some, much, a little, little, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等表示多少。

　　There is little milk at home.

　　The old man has lots of money.

　　2) 若要表示不可数名词的数量，应用“数词+量词+of+名词”这种形式，若数字超过一，量词应用复数形式。如：a glass of water-two glasses of water, a piece of bread-two pieces of bread

　　2. 专有名词：专有名词是表示特定的人，事物， 地点等，如：Tom, China, the United Kingdom. 专有名词的第一个字母一般大写，大部分专有名词前一般不用冠词。

　　3. 名词的所有格：

　　1. 概述：名词的所有格在句中是表示所有关系，作定语。

　　2. 名词所有格的构成：名词所有格包括 –s所有格和of所有格两种形式。无生命的名词的所有格通常用of短语来表示所有关系。如：the name of the school, the window of the house等。–s所有格主要用于有生命的东西和表示时间，距离，国家等的名词后。构成方法如下：

　　一般直接在名词后加’s. 如：Jim’s book

　　复数名词的所有格，若以s/es结尾只加撇号，不以s/es结尾仍加’s。如：

　　Children’s Day, the teachers’ office.

　　3)“ and”连接的并列名词的所有格，表示两人“共有”只在后一个名词尾加’s; 表示“各自拥有”，两个名词尾都要加’s. 如：Jim and Lucy’s book(共有); Jane’s and Tom’s books(不共有)

　　4)表示店铺或某人的家等处所时，常在名词的所有格后省去shop, house, home等。如：the barber’s, at my uncle’s

　　5) 表示时间，距离，国家，城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加’s或’表示所有格，如：today’s newspaper, five minutes’ walk.

　　3. 双重所有格

　　1)名词双重所有格的含义：of+名词所有格称为双重所有格，这种结构中，of前面是一部分，of后面是一个整体。

　　例如：Mr Wang is a friend of my father's. (=Mr Wang is one of my father's friends.) 王先生 是我父亲的一个朋友.

　　2)名词双重所有格的构成方法：

　　a. of前面的名词前面通常有一个含泛指意义的限定词，如a, any, some, no, few, several以及two, three等。例如：

　　Have you read any stories of Lei Feng's? 你看过雷锋的故事吗?

　　They gave me some books of theirs. 他们把他们的一些书给了我。

　　Three classmates of my sister's have found good jobs. 我姐姐的三个同学已经找到了好工作。

　　b. 有时of前面的名词前面可以用指示代词this, that表示某种感情色彩。例如：

　　That answer of Jim's was right. 吉姆的那个回答是对的。

　　Something is wrong with this eye of mine. 我的这只眼睛出了毛病。

　　c. of后面带有's的名词或名词性物主代词通常是特指的人。例如：

　　That's a book of Lu Xun's. 这是鲁迅的一本书。

　　This is a child of theirs. 那是他们的一个孩子。

　　3)名词的双重所有格与“of + 名词”结构之间的区别：

　　a.. 句子所表达的侧重点不同。试比较：

　　He is a friend of my father's. (着重说明“父亲”的朋友不止一个)

　　He is a friend of my father. (着重说明“他”是父亲的一个朋友)

　　b. of前面是picture等词时，含义不同。试比较：

　　This is a picture of my teacher's. 这是我老师收藏的一张照片。

　　This is a picture of my teacher. 这是我老师的一张照片。

　　实战演练(2×50)

　　1. June 1st is ____ Day all over the world.

　　A. Child’s B. Children’s C. Childrens’

　　2. September 10th is ___ Day in China.

　　A. Teacher’s B. Teachers’ C. Teacher

　　3. This is _______ news.

　　A. such a good B. a very good C. such good

　　4.—What ______ it is!

　　—Let’s go out to have a picnic.

　　A. a fine weather B. fine day C. a fine day

　　5. Tom and I go to school _____ every day.

　　A. on feet B. on foot C. by foot

　　6. –Are those _____?

　　-No, they aren’t. They’re _____.

　　A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cow

　　7. A group of ____ are talking with two ___ over there.

　　A. Frenchmen; Germans B. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; Frenchmen

　　8. That doctor drank two _____.

　　A. glass of water B. glasses of waters C. cups of tea

　　9. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _______.

　　A. Bob mother B. Bob’s mother’s C. mother of Bob

　　10. The tall man with a big nose is _______ classmate.

　　A. Tom and Carl B. Tom’s and Carl’s C. Tom and Carl’s

　　11.In ____ time, there will be more tall buildings in our city.

　　A. few year B. a few years’ C. a few year’s

　　12. How many ___ do you want every month?

　　A. milk B. water C. apples

　　13. –Whose is this new bicycle?

　　-It’s _____.

　　A. Sue and Jim’s B . Sue and Jim C. Sue’s and Jim’s

　　14. –Would you like _____tea?

　　-No, thanks. I’ve drunk two __.

　　A. any; bottles of orange B. a little; bottle of oranges C. some; bottles of orange

　　15. –How many _____ do you want?

　　-Two, please.

　　A. kilos of egg B. kilo of eggs C. kilos of eggs

　　16. The bus stop is two _____ from our house.

　　A. hour’s drive B. hours’ drive C. hour-drive

　　17. –Where are you going, Amy?-_______.

　　A. To my uncle B. To my uncle’s C. At my uncle

　　18. Have you read _____?

　　A. a newspaper of today’s B. today newspaper C. today's newspaper

　　19. Lucy put a lot of ____ in ____ of tea.

　　A. sugar; the two cup B. sugars; the two cups C. sugar; the two cups

　　20. Tomatoes, broccoli, and ____ are vegetables.

　　A. bananas B. potatoes C. noodles

　　21. –Help yourself to some _________.

　　-Thank you. I really like them.

　　A. fish B. orange C. cakes

　　22. The little baby has two _______ already.

　　A. tooth B. a tooth C. teeth

　　23. We all had ______ last month. Did you travel to anywhere?

　　A. three days’ holiday B. three day’s holiday C. three-days holiday

　　24. When autumn comes, ______ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.

　　A. leaf B. leave C. leaves

　　25. Tomorrow I'm going to my________. It's a _________.

　　A aunt...five minutes' walk B aunt's...five minute's walk

　　C aunt's...five minutes' walk

　　26. A computer is one of the greatest ________in this century.

　　A inventors B inventions C invitations

　　27. We haven't ________ homework to do today.

　　A many B some C much

　　28. Three hours________enough for a__________boy to read books.

　　A is...ten-year-old B are...ten-year-old C is...ten-years-old

　　29. _________that pair of new_________nice?

　　A Is...shoe B Are...shoes C Is...shoes

　　30.Mary, I've bought many_______. Now let's make the birthday cake.

　　A fresh eggs B chocolate milk C food

　　31. The two ________are my________.

　　A woman doctors... friends B women doctors... friends

　　C women doctors... friend

　　32. These are________houses.

　　A Lee and my uncle B the Lee's and my uncle's

　　C theLees' and my uncle

　　33. We are__________.They are_________.

　　A Chinese...Germen B Chinese...German

　　C Chinese...Germans

　　34. There ______ a pencil and two books on the desk.

　　A. has B. is C.are

　　35. A number of students ______ for the school bus now.

　　A. is waiting B. are waiting C. waits

　　36. The number of students in the class ______ large.

　　A. are B. has C.is

　　37. A _____ is used for keeping warm.

　　A. stamp B. scarf C. key

　　38. There is no _______ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.

　　A. room B. a room C. rooms

　　39. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young.

　　---OK, how happy they both looked!

　　A. my father and mother B. my mother and father's

　　C. my mother's and father's

　　40. The new student is in __________ , Grade Two.

　　A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three

　　41. --- What would you like to drink, girls?

　　--- _________, please.

　　A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffee C. Two coffee

　　42 During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for ______

　　A. fun B. wishes C. interest

　　43. They are those _________ bags. Please put them on the bus.

　　A. visitor B. visitor's C. visitors'

　　44.--- How many students are there in your school?

　　--- There are two ___________.

　　A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundreds of

　　45. ---What do you think of the _______ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?

　　-- It sounds really wonderful.

　　A. subject B. music C. book

　　46. There is not enough _________ in the corner for the TV.

　　A. place B. room C. field

　　47. If you don't take more ________, you'll get fat.

　　A. medicine B. lessons C. exercise

　　48. My school is about twenty ________ walk from here.

　　A. minute B. minutes' C. minutes

　　49. Mum, I have _______ to tell you!

　　A. a good news B. some good news C. many good news

　　50. Maths ________ not easy to learn.

　　A. are B. is C. am

　　参考答案：

　　1-5:BBCCB; 6-10:AACBC; 11-15: BCACC; 16-20:BBCCB; 21-25:CCACC;26-30：BCACA