Section Ⅰ Use of English

　　Directions：

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　In their quest to build profitable and more far-reaching digital audiences, publishers in the US and Europe have turned to the world’s largest 1 network for help. Nine media organisations, 2 the BBC through its youth-oriented Newsbeat service, the Guardian and the New York Times, have 3 a deal with Facebook to publish some of their 4directly through the social network rather than 5 hosting it on their own sites as part of a trial.

　　The 6 comes as increasing numbers of readers rely on the social network as the main site 7 which they receive news. Facebook wants not only to 8 users to news sites 9 to be the place where they stay and consume it, too. Facebook already 10 nearly 20 per cent of the Guardian’s web traffic, excluding visits to its own apps, and about 15 per cent of 11to the New York Times site.

　　The Facebook deal follows complaints by some 12 that internet groups such as Google and Facebook 13 their own online businesses. Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp, 14 , a critic of Google and Facebook, is not participating. Others have 15 concern that Facebook would have too much power 16 which stories appear and where they are placed.

　　Facebook said the 17 would give publishers “control over their stories, brand experience and profit opportunities”, including 18 to some user data. Online sharing of news articles has already 19 some readers away from publishers’ 20 pages towards social media sites.

1. [A] television 2. [A] including	[B] social [B] involving	[C] data [C] revolving	[D] shopping [D] referring
3. [A] played 4. [A] content 5. [A]irregularly 6. [A] system	[B] found [B] quality [B] persistently [B] move	[C] struck [C] theories [C] simply [C] mechanism	[D] drawn [D] concepts [D] primarily [D] merger
7. [A] by 8. [A] turn	[B] as [B] find	[C] through [C] figure	[D] towards [D] point
9. [A] but 10. [A] prepares for 11. [A] traffic	[B] thus [B] accounts for [B] space	[C] even [C] piles on [C] revenue	[D] then [D] brings about [D] staff
12. [A] companies 13. [A] underestimate 14. [A] above all 15. [A] confirmed 16. [A] over	[B] groups [B] undermine [B] on average [B] expressed [B] with	[C] publishers [C] increase [C] in principle [C] cultivated [C] of	[D] associations [D] strengthen [D] for example [D] offered [D] for
17. [A] article 18. [A] approach 19. [A] prevented 20. [A] introductory	[B] game [B] access [B] kept [B] home	[C] scheme [C] mode [C] made [C] yellow	[D] agenda [D] manner [D] lured [D] technological

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　There were some consistent patterns among the heavier readers: For the younger children— ages 6 to 11—being read aloud to regularly and having restricted online time were correlated with frequent reading; for the older children—ages 12 to 17—one of the largest predictors was whether they had time to read on their own during the school day.

　　The finding about reading aloud to children long after toddlerhood may come as a surprise to some parents who read books to children at bedtime when they were very young but then tapered off. Last summer, the American Academy of Pediatrics announced a new policy recommending that all parents read to their children from birth.

　　“A lot of parents assume that once kids begin to read independently, that now that is the best thing for them to do,” said Maggie McGuire, the vice president for a website for parents operated by Scholastic. But reading aloud through elementary school seemed to be connected to a love of reading generally. According to the report, 41 percent of frequent readers ages 6 to 10 were read aloud to at home, while only 13 percent of infrequent readers were being read to.

　　Of course, children who love to read are generally immersed in households with lots of books and parents who like to read. So while parents who read to their children later in elementary school may encourage those children to become frequent readers on their own, such behavior can also result from “a whole constellation of other things that goes on in those families,” said Timothy Shanahan, a past president of the International Reading Association.

　　There is not yet strong research that connects reading aloud at older ages to improved reading

　　comprehension. But some literacy experts said that when parents or teachers read aloud to children even after they can read themselves, the children can hear more complex words or stories than they might tackle themselves.

　　“It’s this idea of marinating children in higher-level vocabulary,” said Pam Allyn, founder of LitWorld.Org, a nonprofit group that works to increase literacy among young people. “The read-aloud can really lift the child.” Other literacy experts say the real value of reading to children is helping to develop background knowledge in all kinds of topics as well as exposure to sophisticated

　　language.

　　21. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that _______.

　　[A] the younger children and the older children have the same reading patterns

　　[B] for the younger children, being read aloud regularly is good to their school days

　　[C] for the older children, having time to read independently is very important

　　[D] for the older children, having restricted online time is good to develop reading habits

　　22. The phrase “tapered off” (Para. 2) probably means_______.

　　[A] stopped halfway

　　[B] declined gradually

　　[C] turned off

　　[D] read occasionally

　　23. The author mentions “ the report” in Paragraph 3 to show that _______.

　　[A] reading aloud through elementary school is related to children’s reading habits

　　[B] Maggie McGuire’s viewpoint is wrong

　　[C] many parents think that children read independently is the best thing

　　[D] there is little difference between frequent readers and infrequent readers

　　24. Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraphs 4-5?

　　[A] Children who like to read are usually influenced by parents.

　　[B] The family atmosphere is crucial to children’s reading behavior.

　　[C] No obvious evidence proves reading aloud at older ages can strengthen reading comprehension.

　　[D] Some literacy experts believe there is no significance to read aloud for older children.

　　25. Pam Allyn argues that the advantage of read-aloud is that _______.

　　[A] it can enlarge children’s vocabulary

　　[B] it can really improve children’s reading ability

　　[C] it’s helpful to enrich children’s knowledge

　　[D] it’s beneficial for children to understand sophisticated language

　　Text 2

　　Women have been driving yellow cabs in New York since the 1940s, but 99% of drivers are male. Even among drivers of cars booked by phone or online, only 4% are women. That may change with the launch of SheTaxis, an app that lets female passengers insist on female drivers, and vice versa.

　　It will be available in New York City, Westchester and Long Island, and the firm plans to

　　expand to other cities. Stella Mateo, the founder, is betting that quite a few women are nervous and weary of getting into cars driven by men. The service may also appeal to those whose religious beliefs forbid them to travel with unrelated men. Each driver wears a pink pashmina. Men who ask for a ride will be directed to another car service.

　　Similar services thrive in India, South Africa and several Middle Eastern cities. Japan has had women-only railway carriages on and off since 1912. Known as hana densha (flower trains), they offer shelter from the gropers who make rush hour in Tokyo so disagreeable.

　　But SheTaxis faces two speed bumps. One is practical. Demand has been so great that the firm has had to decelerate its launch until it can recruit 500 drivers. The other obstacle is legal. By employing only female drivers, SheTaxis is obviously discriminating against men. Since anti-discrimination law is not always applied with common sense, that may be illegal. And there is no shortage of potential litigants. Yellow cabbies are furious at the growth of online taxi firms such as Uber. “It’s not hard to imagine a guy ... filing suit,” says Sylvia Law of New York University Law School. “SheTaxis’ defence would probably be that its drivers are all independent contractors.”

　　Because the firm caters only to women, it is discriminating against male customers, too. Is that legal? Angela Cornell of Cornell Law School thinks there could be a loophole. New York’s Human Rights Commission could make an exemption on the ground that SheTaxi offers a service that is in the public interest: women feel safer not getting into cars with strange men. Women-only colleges are allowed, so why not women-only cabs? The snag is that some men may also feel safer getting into cabs with female drivers. A study in 2010 found that 80% of crashes in New York City that kill

　　or seriously injure pedestrians involve male drivers. Women drivers are simply better.

　　26. We can learn from the first paragraph that SheTaxis _______.

　　[A] will increase women driving yellow cabs

　　[B] will change the market of booking taxis online

　　[C] allows female drivers to only choose female passengers

　　[D] lets male passengers insist on male drivers

　　27. It can be inferred that the service of SheTaxis may appeal to_______.

　　[A] women who are nervous about taxi drivers

　　[B] women with certain religious beliefs

　　[C] women who are tired of taking taxis

　　[D] men who ask for a ride

　　28. The word “gropers” (Para. 3) probably refers to_______.

　　[A] people who cause a traffic jam

　　[B] men who make sexual harassment to women

　　[C] men who cause the rush hour in Tokyo

　　[D] people who make taking trains disagreeable

　　29. If SheTaxis is accused of discriminating against men, it may_______.

　　[A] decelerate its launch as an online taxi firm

　　[B] employ both male and female drivers

　　[C] make anti-discrimination law not applicable

　　[D] spring to the defence of its drivers

　　30. SheTaxis may be exempt from illegality by New York ’s Human Rights Commission because_______.

　　[A] its service provided is based on the public interest

　　[B] it discriminates against male passengers

　　[C] it provides service also for male passengers

　　[D] it decreases crashes caused by male drivers

　　Text 3

　　Psychologists have known for a century that individuals vary in their cognitive ability. But are some groups, like some people, reliably smarter than others? In order to answer that question. we grouped 697 volunteer participants into teams of two to five members. Each team worked together to complete a series of short tasks, which were selected to represent the varied kinds of problems that groups are called upon to solve in the real world. One task involved logical analysis, another brainstorming; others emphasized coordination, planning and moral reasoning.

　　Individual intelligence, as psychologists measure it, is defined by its generality: People with good vocabularies, for instance, also tend to have good math skills, even though we often think of those abilities as distinct. The results of our studies showed that this same kind of general intelligence also exists for teams. On average, the groups that did well on one task did well on the others, too. In other words, some teams were simply smarter than others.

　　We found the smartest teams were distinguished by three characteristics. First, their members contributed more equally to the team’s discussions, rather than letting one or two people dominate the group. Second, their members scored higher on a test called Reading the Mind in the Eyes, which measures how well people can read complex emotional states from images of faces with only the eyes visible. Finally, teams with more women outperformed teams with more men. This last effect, however, was partly explained by the fact that women, on average, were better at “mindreading” than men.

　　In a new study, we replicated these earlier findings. We randomly assigned each of 68 teams to complete our collective intelligence test in one of two conditions. Half of the teams worked face to face. The other half worked online, with no ability to see any of their teammates. We wanted to see whether groups that worked online would still demonstrate collective intelligence, and whether social ability would matter as much when people communicated purely by typing messages into a browser.

　　And they did. Online and off, some teams consistently worked smarter than others. More surprisingly, the most important ingredients for a smart team remained constant regardless of its mode of interaction: members who communicated a lot, participated equally and possessed good emotion-reading skills.

　　31. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that________ .

　　[A] some groups are really smarter than others

　　[B] the 697 volunteer participants need to complete a series of short tasks together

　　[C] the selected short tasks must have practical significance

　　[D] logical analysis and brainstorming are important in each task

　　32. According to psychologists, individual intelligence________ .

　　[A] is characterized by generality [B] is related to math skills

　　[C] is not related to teams [D] is key to smarter teams

　　33. According to the author, the characteristics of smarter teams include all the following EX-

　　CEPT________ .

　　[A] The members have relatively equal contribution to the team’s discussions

　　[B] The members have a higher IQ

　　[C] The members have a stronger ability of reading complex facial expressions

　　[D] There are more female members than other teams

　　34. In a new study, the other half of people work online because________ .

　　[A] it’s necessary to ensure the accuracy of the experiment

　　[B] online collaboration is becoming more and more important

　　[C] the experimenters want to see whether collective intelligence will be showed

　　[D] the experimenters want to prove social ability is vital to every team

　　35. The best title for the passage may be________ .

　　[A] How to Develop a Smarter Team

　　[B] Why Some Teams Are Smarter Than Others

　　[C] The Characteristics of Smarter Team

　　[D] What Factors can Affect a Team

　　Text 4

　　Over the weekend, NASA’s newest Mars rover, the Curiosity, which landed early on Aug. 6 after an eight-month flight, started sending back a 360-degree high-resolution panorama of its surroundings.

　　At a news conference on Wednesday, John P. Grotzinger, a professor of geology at the Califor- nia Institute of Technology who serves as the mission’s project scientist, compared the view with a place just a few hours’ drive from Pasadena, Calif, and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, the rover’s birthplace. “You would really be forgiven for thinking that NASA was trying to pull a fast one on you,” he said, “and we actually put a rover out in the Mojave Desert and took a picture—a little L.A.(Los Angeles) smog coming in there.” He added, “To a certain extent, the first impression you get is how Earth-like it seems.”

　　Where the Curiosity actually sits is a 96-mile-wide crater named Gale near the Martian equator. To the north, the images show part of the crater rim that is believed to have been eroded by flowing water. To the south is a 3.4-mile-high peak that the scientists call Mount Sharp, which Curiosity is meant to reach and to climb. By investigating the layers of sedimentary rock on Mount Sharp, mis-

　　sion scientists hope to reconstruct the climate and environment of early Mars and tell whether it could have been once been habitable for life.

　　The photos also show marks that Curiosity has made at the landing site. As Curiosity was lowered to the surface of Mars, blasts from the descent-stage engines created indentations in the nearby soil, exposing the bedrock below. This exposed bedrock is likely to be one of the first areas of scientific exploration on the rover’s planned two-year journey.

　　After the flawless landing, the first week of operations of the rover on the ground also proceeded almost perfectly, too, as engineers started checking out the rover’s system, deployed the high-gain antenna, and raised the mast that holds the cameras.

　　So far, no significant trouble has arisen. The weather instrument experienced a problem that engineers figured out a day later. The rover’s internal temperatures are slightly warmer than expected, possibly because the crater is warmer than predicted or because NASA’s computer models of Curiosity were not quite right. Worries about overheating could put constraints on when certain instruments can be used. But the heat is also a boon, reducing the energy Curiosity needs to

　　warm up its joints and wheels before moving.

　　36. The phrase “pull a fast” (Para. 2) most probably means ________.

　　[A] hasten [B] conceal [C] deceive [D] beautify

　　37. Where is the rover Curiosity’s real location?

　　[A] In the middle Mojave Desert near its birthplace in the US.

　　[B] To the south of crater Gale that is near the Martian equator.

　　[C] Near the Martian equator which is eroded by flowing water.

　　[D] On top of a 3.4-mile-high peak which used to be habitable.

　　38. It can be inferred from the passage that the rover’s investigation________ .

　　[A] is likely to start with the study of the rocks on Mars

　　[B] is determined on the reconstruction of the climate on Mars

　　[C] started immediately after the rover’s perfect landing

　　[D] can only begin after a week’s preparation on the ground

　　39. What caused the rover’s unexpected warmer internal temperature?

　　[A] A minor problem of the weather instrument.

　　[B] Problems of NASA’s computer models of Curiosity.

　　[C] The impact on the rover during landing.

　　[D] Overheating of certain instrument in the rover.

　　40. What is the main idea of the passage?

　　[A] How earthlike the surface of Mars is. [B] The success landing of Curiosity.

　　[C] NASA’s achievement in investigating Mars. [D] How far the mission of Curiosity has gone.

　　Part B

　　Directions:

　　The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　[A] All in all, the numbers suggest that aging is simply different in the active.

　　[B] As it turned out, the cyclists did not show their age. On almost all measures, their physical functioning remained fairly stable across the decades and was much closer to that of young adults than of people their age. As a group, even the oldest cyclists had younger people's levels of balance, reflexes, metabolic health and memory ability.

　　[C] Active older people resemble much younger people physiologically, according to a new study of the effects of exercise on aging. The findings suggest that many of our expectations about the inevitability of physical decline with advancing years may be incorrect and that how we age is, to a large degree, up to us. Aging remains a surprisingly mysterious process. A wealth of past scientific research has shown that many bodily and cellular processes change in undesirable ways as we grow older. But science has not been able to establish definitively whether such changes result primarily from the passage of time or result at least in part from lifestyle.

　　[D] This conundrum is particularly true in terms of inactivity. Older people tend to be quite sedentary nowadays, and being sedentary affects health, making it difficult to separate the effects of not moving from those of getting older. In the new study, which was published this week in The Journal of Physiology, scientists at King's College London and the University of Birmingham in England decided to use a different approach. They removed inactivity as a factor in their study of aging by looking at the health of older people who move quite a bit.

　　[E] The scientists then ran each volunteer through a large array of physical and cognitive tests. The scientists determined each cyclist's endurance capacity, muscular mass and strength, pedaling power, metabolic health, balance, memory function, bone density and reflexes. The researchers compared the results of cyclists in the study against each other and also against standard benchmarks of supposedly normal aging. If a particular test's numbers were similar among the cyclists of all ages, the researchers considered, then that measure would seem to be more dependent on activity than on age.

　　[F] To accomplish that goal, the scientists recruited 85 men and 41 women aged between 55 and 79 who bicycle regularly. The volunteers were all serious recreational riders but not competitive athletes. The men had to be able to ride at least 62 miles in six and a half hours and the women 37 miles in five and a half hours, benchmarks typical of a high degree of fitness in older people.

　　[G] Some aspects of aging did, however, prove to be ineluctable. The oldest cyclists had less muscular power and mass than those in their 50s and early 60s and considerably lower overall aerobic capacities. Age does seem to reduce our endurance and strength to some extent, Dr.Harridge said, even if we exercise. But even so, both of those measures were higher among the oldest cyclists than would be considered average among people aged 70 or above.

C

41.

42.

43.

44.

G

45.

　　Part C

　　Directions:

　　Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

　　Suppose you accept the persuasive data that inequality has been rising in the United States and most advanced nations in recent decades. But suppose you don’t want to fight inequality through politically polarizing steps like higher taxes on the wealthy or a more generous social welfare system.

　　(46) There remains a plausible solution to rising inequality that avoids those polarizing ideas: strengthening education so that more Americans can benefit from the advances of the 21st-century economy. This is a solution that conservatives, centrists and liberals alike can comfortably get behind. After all, who doesn’t favor a stronger educational system. But a new paper shows why the math just doesn’t add up, at least if the goal is addressing the gap between the very rich and everyone else.

　　Brad Hershbein, Melissa Kearney and Lawrence Summers offer a simple little simulation that shows the limits of education as an inequality-fighter. In short, more education would be great news for middle and lower-income Americans, increasing their pay and economic security. (47) It just isn’t up to the task of meaningfully reducing inequality, which is being driven by the sharp upward movement of the very top of the income distribution.

　　It is all the more interesting that the research comes from Mr. Summers, a former Treasury secretary who is hardly known as a soak-the-rich class warrior. (48) It is published by the Hamilton Project, a centrist research group operating with Wall Street funding and seeking to find third-way-style solutions to America’s problems that can unite left and right.

　　(49) In their simulation, they assume that 10 percent of non-college-educated men of prime working age suddenly obtained a college degree or higher, which would be an unprecedented rise in the proportion of the work force with advanced education. They assume that these more educated men go from their current pay levels to pay that is in line with current college graduates, minus an adjustment for the fact that more college grads in the work force could depress their wages a bit.

　　(50) “Increasing the educational attainment of men without a college degree will increase their average earnings and their likelihood of being employed,” the authors write. And even if it doesn’t do much to reduce overall inequality, they find it does reduce inequality within the bottom half of the income distribution, by increasing the earnings of those near the 25th percentile of earnings.

　　Section Ⅲ Writing

　　Part A

　　51. Directions:

　　Write a letter of about 100 words to recommend your friend, Zhang Ying, who is applying for a job to teach Chinese in America.

　　You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

　　Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter;use “Li Ming” instead.

　　Do not write the address. (10 points)

　　Part B

　　52. Directions:

　　Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

　　1) describe the drawing briefly,

　　2) interpret its intended meaning, and

　　3) give your comments.

　　You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

　　答案速查

1—5	BACAC	6—10	BCDAB	11—15	ACBDB
16—20	ACBDB	21—25	CBADB	26—30	CBBDA
31—35	CABCB	36—40	CBABD	41—45	DFEBA

　　SectionⅠUseof English

　　总体分析

　　本文共有四段。第一段开篇点题：美国和欧洲的出版商向全球最大的社交网站——脸谱网求助。第二段阐述了脸谱网与出版商合作的背景。第三段讲述了出版商对与脸谱网合作带来的问题的担忧。最后一段讲脸谱网对出版商所担忧问题的回复。

　　试题详解

　　1.【参考答案】B

　　【试题考点】上下文语义

　　【答案精解】此处的句意为“为了发展有利可图和影响更广的数字受众，美国和欧洲的出版商向全球最大的网络寻求帮助”。根据上下文可知这里的网络指的是“脸谱网”,它

　　属于社交网站，故B.social“社交的，交际的”为正确答案。televisionnetwork“电视网站”，

　　datanetwork“数据网站”，shoppingnetwork“购物网站”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　2.【参考答案】A

　　【试题考点】动词辨析

　　【答案精解】第一段中的第二句主要讲9家媒体组织包括哪几家以及他们是如何与脸谱网合作的。由此可知，A.including“包含”符合题意，为正确答案。involve“涉及，使参与”，一般用于被动语态。revolve“使旋转”，refer“提到;针对”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　3.【参考答案】C

　　【试题考点】固定搭配

　　【答案精解】此处的句意为“包括英国广播公司、《卫报》和《纽约时报》在内的9家媒体组织与脸谱网签署了一项协议……”。strikeadeal为固定搭配，意为“达成交易/协议”，故C.struck符合题意，为正确答案。play“玩耍”，find“发现”，语义不符;draw不与deal搭配，故排除。

　　4.【参考答案】A

　　【试题考点】名词辨析

　　【答案精解】此处的句意为“……在内的9家媒体组织与脸谱网签署了一项协议，尝试通过后者直接发布它们的部分”。结合常识及选项，可知A.content“内容”符合题意，为正确答案。quality“质量”，theory“理论”，concept“概念”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　5.【参考答案】C

　　【试题考点】副词辨析

　　【答案精解】此处的句意为“……尝试通过后者直接发布它们的部分内容，而非发布在自己的网站上”。结合上下文可知，空格处所填副词用来修饰host，并且theirownsite中的

　　their指的是“与脸谱网签署协议的9家媒体组织”。因此，C.simply“简单地;只不过;仅仅”符合题意，为正确答案。irregularly“不定时的;不定期的”，persistently“坚持地;固执地”,primarily“主要地;根本地”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　6.【参考答案】B

　　【试题考点】名词辨析

　　【答案精解】此处主语为The，指代的是上文提到的媒体组织与脸谱网合作这件事。move作名词在此意为“举措，做法”，与题意相符，故B.move为正确答案。system“体系，系统”，mechanism“机制，机能”，merger“合并”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　7.【参考答案】C

　　【试题考点】介词辨析

　　【答案精解】空格后是由which引导的定语从句，结合选项可知，此处要选一个介词，从句所修饰的先行词为site，整个从句所表达的意思为“他们通过这个网站获得新闻”。故C.through符合题意，为正确答案。by也有“用，通过”的意思，但更多的是表达“方法，手段”，故排除。as“像”，towards“朝向”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　8.【参考答案】D

　　【试题考点】动词辨析

　　【答案精解】此处的句意为“脸谱网不仅希望将用户新闻网站”，pointsb.to为固定用法，意为“指引，为某人指路”，故D.point符合题意，为正确答案。turn常用结构为turntosb.意为“向某人求助”;find“发现”，figure“计算;出现”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　9.【参考答案】A

　　【试题考点】逻辑关系

　　【答案精解】此处的句意为“脸谱网希望不仅能将用户导向新闻网站，还能让用户留在脸谱网进行新闻消费”。结合句意及句中的notonly可知，but符合题意，构成notonly...

　　but(also)...结构。故A.but为正确答案。thus“因此”，even“甚至”，then“那时”均不符合题意，故排除。

　　10.【参考答案】B

　　【试题考点】固定搭配

　　【答案精解】此处的句意为“脸谱网已经《卫报》网站近20%的流量”。做这个题目时，考生需要理解traffic的正确含义，traffic通常指“交通;(客、货)运输量”，本文中指“流量”。accountfor“(在数量、比例上)占”，故B.accountsfor符合题意，为正确答案。preparefor“为

　　……作准备”，pileon“堆积”，bringabout“带来，引起”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　11.【参考答案】A

　　【试题考点】名词辨析+上下文语义

　　【答案精解】此处句意为“占《纽约时报》网站约15%的”。根据空格前nearly20percentoftheGuardian’swebtraffic的提示可知，A.traffic“流量”符合题意，为正确答案。space“空间”，revenue“收入”，staff“员工(总称)”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　12.【参考答案】C

　　【试题考点】名词辨析+上下文语义

　　【答案精解】此句意为“在脸谱网与出版商合作之前，一些抱怨称，谷歌和脸谱网等互联网集团……”结合上文的publishersintheUSandEuropehaveturnedtotheworld’slargest

　　socialnetworkforhelp和下文提及的RupertMurdoch’sNewsCorp可知此处C.publishers

　　“出版社，出版者”符合题意，为正确答案。company“公司”，group“集团，团体”，association

　　“协会，社团”，均不如publishers具体，故排除。

　　13.【参考答案】B

　　【试题考点】动词辨析

　　【答案精解】此句意为“在脸谱网与出版商合作之前，一些出版商抱怨称，谷歌和脸谱网等互联网集团了他们自己的在线业务”。根据complaints可知出版商是担忧互联网集团

　　对他们的在线业务产生不利影响，故排除increase“增加”和strengthen“加强”。underesti-mate“低估，小看”，undermine“削弱，损害”，很明显，undermine在此处更符合题意，故B项

　　为正确答案。

　　14.【参考答案】D

　　【试题考点】短语辨析+上下文语义

　　【答案精解】此处句意为“，鲁珀特·默多克的新闻集团就对谷歌和脸谱网持批评态度，

　　没有参与此次协议”。结合上下文语义可知，此处是对上一句话的举例说明。故D.forex-ample符合题意，为正确答案。aboveall“首要的是，尤其”，onaverage“平均”，inprinciple“原则上，基本上”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　15.【参考答案】B

　　【试题考点】动词辨析+上下文语义

　　【答案精解】结合上文的“一些出版商抱怨称……”可知此处要表达的意思为“其他出版商则表达了他们的担心”，故B.expressed符合题意，为正确答案。confirm“确认，批准”，culti-

　　vate“培养，改善”，offer“提供”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　16.【参考答案】A

　　【试题考点】介词辨析

　　【答案精解】此处句意为“其他出版商则担心，脸谱网将新闻内容和版面拥有太多的权力”。which引导定语从句修饰power，havepoweroversth.为固定用法，意为“对……有控制

　　权”，故A.over符合题意，为正确答案。其他三项均无此用法，故排除。

　　17.【参考答案】C

　　【试题考点】名词辨析

　　【答案精解】此处句意为“脸谱网表示，将给予出版商‘对内容、品牌体验和赚钱机会的

　　控制权’”。结合上下文语义可知，the指的是上文提到的媒体组织与脸谱网合作这件事，选项中只有C.scheme“(政府或其他组织的)方案、计划”符合题意，因此为正确答案。article“文章;条款”，game“游戏”，agenda“议题，议程”，均不符合题意。

　　18.【参考答案】B

　　【试题考点】名词辨析+固定搭配

　　【答案精解】此处句意为“包括部分用户数据”。accessto为固定搭配，意为“获得，有权使用”，符合题意，故B.access为正确答案。approach“接近;方法;途径”，mode“方式，状

　　况”，manner“做法，方式”，均不符合题意，故排除。

　　19.【参考答案】D

　　【试题考点】动词辨析+上下文语义

　　【答案精解】此处句意为“在线新闻分享已经部分读者离开出版商的转向社交媒体网站”。luresb.awayfrom为固定用法，意为“引诱某人离开……”，故D.lured符合题意，

　　为正确答案。preventsb.from(doing)sth.“阻止某人做某事”。keepsb.awayfrom“让某人远

　　离”，没有“远离……再转向”的含义，不如lure准确。make无此用法，故排除。

　　20.【参考答案】B

　　【试题考点】形容词辨析

　　【答案精解】此处句意为“在线新闻分享已经引诱部分读者离开出版商的

　　转向社交媒

　　体网站”。根据上下文可知此处表达“出版商的网站”。homepage意为“主页”，在此指代“网站”，故B.home为正确答案。introductorypages“引导性页面”，yellowpage“公司黄页”，technologicalpages“技术页面”，均与题意不符，故排除。

　　重点词汇和短语

　　全文翻译

　　为了发展有利可图和影响更广的数字受众，美国和欧洲的出版商向全球最大的社交网络寻求帮助。包括英国广播公司、《卫报》和《纽约时报》在内的9家媒体组织与脸谱网签署了一项协议，尝试通过后者直接发布它们的部分内容，而非只是发布在自己的网站上。英国广播公司　是通过其面向年轻人的Newsbeat服务参与该项目的。

　　在脸谱网与这些出版商合作之际，越来越多的读者将社交网络作为他们获取新闻的主要渠道。脸谱网希望不仅能将用户导向新闻网站，而且还能让用户留在脸谱网进行新闻消费。脸　谱网已经占《卫报》网站近20%的流量(不包括其自身应用的访问量)，占《纽约时报》网站约15%的流量。

　　在脸谱网与出版商合作之前，一些出版商抱怨称，谷歌和脸谱网等互联网集团侵蚀了他们自己的在线业务。例如，鲁珀特·默多克的新闻集团就对谷歌和脸谱网持批评态度，没有参与此次协议。其他出版商则担心，脸谱网将对新闻内容和版面拥有太多的权利。

　　脸谱网表示，该项目将给予出版商“对内容、品牌体验和商业机会的控制权”，包括可以获得部分用户数据。在线新闻分享已经引诱部分读者离开出版商的网站，转向社交媒体网站。

　　SectionⅡReadingComprehension

　　PartA

　　Text1

　　总体分析

　　本文共有六段，重点阐述了父母大声朗读对孩子阅读习惯形成的影响。第一段开篇点题，引出阅读量较大的孩子的共同特征。第二、三、四段讲述父母大声朗读能够影响小孩阅读习惯的形成。第五段、六段探讨父母对年龄较大的孩子大声朗读产生的影响。

　　试题详解

　　21.【参考答案】C

　　【试题类型】推断题

　　【题干信息】inferred,first paragraph

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第一段。根据原文

　　for the older children—ages 12 to 17—one of the largest predictors was whether they had time to read on their own during the school day推断出C项“对于年龄较大的孩子来说，自主阅读很重要”为正确答案，其中readindependently是对on their own的同义替换。A项“年幼的孩子和年龄较大的孩子有相同的阅读模式”是对第一句的曲解。B项“对于年幼的孩子，时常听父母大声朗读，对其学校生活有益”在第一句没有提及。D项“对于年龄较大的孩子，限制上网时间对其培养阅读习惯是有益的”属于过度推断。

　　22.【参考答案】B

　　【试题类型】含义题

　　【题干信息】taperedoff,(Para.2)

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第二段。根据The finding about reading aloud to children long after toddlerhood may come as a surprise to some parents who read books to children at bedtime when they were very young but then tapered off.可以推断出，一些家长在孩子很小的　　时候，经常在睡前给他们读书，但随后逐渐减少。taper意为“逐渐减少;逐渐缩小”，taper off为固定搭配，意为“逐渐减少”，故B项为正确答案。A项“中途停下”;C项“关上，关掉”和D项“偶尔阅读”均不符合题意，故排除。

　　23.【参考答案】A

　　【试题类型】细节题

　　【题干信息】the report,Paragraph3

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第三段。原文But reading aloud through elementary school seemed to be connected to a love of reading generally. According to the report ...，因此A项“在孩子的整个小学阶段坚持给他们朗读与孩子阅读习惯的形成有关”为正确答案。B项“玛吉·麦圭尔的观点是错的”，C项“许多父母认为看到孩子自主阅读是最好的事情”，D项“频繁阅读者与非频繁阅读者之间没有区别”均与原文不符，故排除。

　　24.【参考答案】D

　　【试题类型】细节题

　　【题干信息】NOTtrue,Paragraphs4-5

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第四、五段。此类题目可用排除法。A项“爱读书的孩子通常会受到父母的影响”与children who love to read are generally immersed in households with lots of books and parents who like to read 相符;B项“家庭氛围对孩子的阅读行为是非常重要的”是对such behavior can also result from “a whole constellation of other things that goes on in those families”这句话的正确理解;C项“没有明显的证据证明对年龄较大的孩子大声朗读可以加强其阅读理解力”与There is not yet strong research that connects reading aloud at older ages to improved reading comprehension.相符。D项“一些识字专家认为对年龄较大的

　　孩子大声朗读没有意义”与第五段最后一句不符，因此为正确答案。

　　25.【参考答案】B

　　【试题类型】细节题

　　【题干信息】PamAllyn,read-aloud

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到最后一段。根据It’s this idea of marinating children in higher-level vocabulary ... The read-aloud can really lift the child.可知B项“可以真正改善孩子的阅读能力”为正确答案。A项“可以扩大孩子的词汇量”是对原文“接受更高级别词汇熏陶”的曲解。C项“有助于丰富孩子的知识”和D项“有利于孩子理解复杂的语言”属于其他专家的观点，故排除。

　　重点词汇和短语

　　全文翻译

　　阅读量较大的孩子呈现出一致的模式：对于年幼的孩子(6岁至11岁)来说，时常听父母大声朗读，并在限制时间内上网，与频繁阅读呈正相关;而对于年龄较大的孩子(12岁至17岁)来说，最大的预测指标之一是，他们在校期间是否有时间自主阅读。

　　给早已过了学步期的小孩大声朗读，竟然能够产生如此好的效果。一些家长在孩子很小的时候，经常在睡前给他们读书，但随后逐渐减少。这项发现或许会让他们感到惊讶。美国儿科研究院去年夏天宣布了一项新政策，建议所有家长在小孩出生后给他们朗读。

　　玛吉·麦圭尔在学乐教育集团专门为家长创建的一家网站担任副总裁。她说：“很多家长认为，一旦孩子开始独立阅读，他们就算大功告成了。”但在孩子的整个小学阶段坚持给他们朗读，似乎有助于培养其热爱读书的习惯。这份报告显示，在6岁至10岁的孩子中，41%的频繁阅读者经常在家听父母朗读，而仅有13%的非频繁阅读者在接受这种熏陶。

　　当然，爱读书的孩子通常来自拥有许多书籍、父母都喜欢读书的家庭。因此，尽管父母在孩子上小学高年级时坚持给他们朗读，或许有助于鼓励他们成为主动拿起书本的频繁阅读者，但这种行为也有可能源自“这些书香门第发生的其他一系列事情。”国际阅读协会前会长蒂莫西·沙纳汉说。

　　目前还没有强有力的研究成果显示，给较大年龄的小孩大声朗读有助于提高他们的阅读能力。但一些识字专家表示，甚至在小孩能够独立阅读之后，如果父母或老师继续给他们朗读，这些孩子就能够听到一些他们依靠自身能力还无法掌握的复杂单词或故事。

　　LitWorld.Org是一家致力于提高年轻人识字水平的非营利性组织，其创始人帕姆·阿林表示，“这就是让孩子接受更高级别词汇熏陶的理念。听大声朗读，真地能够提升孩子的阅读能力。”其他识字专家说，给孩子朗读不仅能够让他们接受复杂语言的熏陶，其真正的价值在于帮助他们掌握各种话题的背景知识。

　　Text2

　　总体分析

　　本文主要介绍一款新应用软件带来的新服务：女性专用打车服务，女司机载女乘客。全文共五段。第一段介绍此应用出现的背景。第二段介绍该应用针对的目标人群。第三段讲世界上其他地方也有此类服务。第四段讲该服务的发展面临的两大障碍。第五段讲法律方面的一些漏洞。

　　试题详解

　　26.【参考答案】C

　　【试题类型】推断题

　　【题干信息】the first paragraph, She Taxis

　　【答案精解】根据题干定位到第一段。原文指出That may change with the launch of SheTaxis, an app that lets female passengers insist on female drivers, and vice versa.关键是vice versa(反过来也一样)的理解。由此可知She Taxis专为女性服务，女乘客选择女司机，女司机也可以选择女乘客，因此C项为正确答案。A项“会增加开黄色出租车的女司机数量”，B项“会改变网上订车的市场”，D项“允许男乘客选择男司机”，均与原文不符。

　　27.【参考答案】B

　　【试题类型】推断题

　　【题干信息】the service of She Taxis may appeal to

　　【答案精解】根据题干定位到第二段。由原文... is betting that quite a few women are nervous and weary of getting into cars driven by men. The service may also appeal to those whose　religious beliefs forbid them to travel with unrelated men.可知B项“有某种宗教信仰的女性”为正确答案。A项“对出租车司机感到紧张的女性”，原文指的是男司机。C项“厌倦了坐出租车的女性”，是对原文的曲解。D项“要求搭车的男性”，与原文不符。

　　28.【参考答案】B

　　【试题类型】含义题

　　【题干信息】The word “gropers”(Para.3)

　　【答案精解】根据题干定位到第三段。由原文Known as hana densha (flower trains), they offer shelter from the gropers who make rush hour in Tokyo so disagreeable.可知花朵列车为女性提供了庇护所，使她们免遭gropers，那么groper肯定是对女性不利，由此推断B项“对女性进行******的男人”为正确答案。A项“引发交通堵塞的人”和C项“引起东京早高峰的男人”都是对原文的曲解。D项“使乘列车变得令人讨厌的人”没有B项精确、具体。

　　29.【参考答案】D

　　【试题类型】推断题

　　【题干信息】is accused of, discriminating against men

　　【答案精解】根据题干定位到第四段。原文指出“It’s not hard to imagine a guy ... filing suit,” “She Taxis’ defence would probably be that its drivers are all independent contractors”，由此推断，如果She Taxis因为歧视男性而被控诉的话，它将通过辩护来保护它的司机们，因此D项为正确答案。A项“减缓其作为网上出租车公司的上市脚步”，B项“男女司机都雇佣”，C项“使反性别歧视法不适用”，均与原文不符。

　　30.【参考答案】A

　　【试题类型】细节题

　　【题干信息】She Taxis, exempt from illegality, New York’s Human Rights Commission

　　【答案精解】根据题干定位到第五段。由原文New York’s Human Rights Commission could make an exemption on the ground that She Taxi offers a service that is in the public interest: women feel safer not getting into cars with strange men.可知A项“它提供的服务基于公众利益”为正确答案。B项“它歧视男乘客”，C项“它也为男乘客提供服务”，D项“它减少了由男司机引发的交通事故”，均与原文不符。

　　重点词汇和短语

　　全文翻译

　　虽然自20世纪40年代纽约就已经出现了开黄色出租车的女司机，但是99%的司机都是男性。就算是通过电话或网络订车，也仅有4%的女司机。不过这一情况可能因为SheTaxis这个应用软件的出现而改变。该应用坚持女性乘客配备女司机，反之亦然。

　　该公司将在纽约城、韦斯特切斯特以及长岛提供该服务，并计划将该服务推广至其他城市。该公司的创始人斯特拉·马特奥打赌称许多女乘客上了男司机开的出租车会很紧张并对此感到厌倦。这项服务也会受到那些有宗教信仰女士的欢迎，因为其宗教禁止她们与不相关的男性同行。SheTaxis的女司机都会穿戴粉色羊绒衫作为标志，若有男士乘车，该应用会自动将其链接到其他打车应用上。

　　与此类似的服务在印度、南非和众多中东城市发展迅速。日本自1912年开始就不断地推出专为女性设置的客运列车。著名的花朵列车为女性提供了庇护所，使她们免遭咸猪手，这些咸猪手使得东京的早高峰变得那么令人讨厌。

　　但是SheTaxis面临两大障碍。一个困难来自实际运营。市场需求过大以至于公司不得不减缓其上市脚步直到招满500名女司机。另一大困难来自法律层面。若仅雇佣女司机，很明显SheTaxis对男司机有性别歧视。因为反歧视法不会考虑常识，这会导致SheTaxis非法。这样会牵涉到很多潜在诉讼当事人。黄色出租车司机对像Uber这样的网上出租车公司的发展心怀愤懑。来自纽约大学法学院的西尔维娅·洛称“不难想象有人……告状”。SheTaxis的辩护将很可能会称它的司机都是独立的承包商。

　　由于该公司仅向女性提供服务，它就是歧视男乘客。这合法吗?康奈尔法学院的安吉拉·康奈尔认为这里存在漏洞。纽约****委员会可以以SheTaxis提供的服务符合公众的利益而豁免其侵权。因为它是基于女乘客坐进女司机驾驶的出租车会感到更安全这一立场而提供服务的。女子大学被允许存在，那为什么SheTaxis就不行呢?障碍是有些男性也认为乘坐女司机开的出租车更有安全感。2010年的一项研究显示，纽约城造成行人死亡或受重伤的交通事故中80%的肇事司机是男性。女性驾驶员相对来说要好得多。

　　Text3

　　总体分析

　　本文共有五段，主要围绕“为什么一些团队比其他团队聪明”展开论述。第一段开篇点题，并提到一项实验研究。第二段讲述了第一段中实验研究的结果。第三段阐述了优秀团队具有哪些特点。第四段讲述了一项新研究，再次验证了之前的研究结果。最后一段总结全文。

　　试题详解

　　31.【参考答案】C

　　【试题类型】推断题

　　【题干信息】inferred, the first paragraph

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第一段。此题可用排除法。根据But are some groups, like some people, reliably smarter than others?无法推断出A项“一些团队确实比其他团队聪明”。根据we grouped 697 volunteer participants into teams ... Each team worked together to complete a series of short tasks可知B项“697名志愿者需要一起完成一系列小任务”与原文不符。根据which were selected to represent the varied kinds of problems that groups are called upon to solve in the real world可知C项“精选的小任务必须要有实际意义”符合原文。根据One task involved logical analysis, another brainstorming; others emphasized ...可知D项“逻辑分析和头脑风暴在每个任务中都很重要”与原文不符。因此C项为正确答案。

　　32.【参考答案】A

　　【试题类型】细节题

　　【题干信息】psychologists, individual intelligence

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第二段。根据第一句Individual intelligence, as psychologists measure it, is defined by its generality (心理学家们经过测试发现，个人智力具有普遍　　性)可知，A项“具有普遍性的特点”符合题意，为正确答案。B项“与数学技能相关”属于过度推断，C项“与团队无关”与The results of our studies showed that this same kind of general intelligence also exists for teams.不符，D项“是聪明团队的关键”在文中没有依据。

　　33.【参考答案】B

　　【试题类型】细节题

　　【题干信息】characteristics, smarter teams

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第三段。此题可用排除法。根据their members contrib- uted more equally to the team’s discussions可排除A项“团队成员在小组讨论中有比较均衡的贡献”。根据Second, their members scored higher on a test called Reading the Mind in the Eyes, which measures how well people can read complex emotional states from images of faces with only the eyes visible.可排除C项“团队成员有较强的解读复杂面部表情的能力”。根据teams with more women outperformed teams with more men.可排除D项“比其他团队有更多的女性成员”。故B项“团队成员有较高的智商”原文没有提到，符合题干，为正确答案。

　　34.【参考答案】C

　　【试题类型】细节题

　　【题干信息】In a new study, the other half people work online

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位到第四段。根据We wanted to see whether groups that worked online would still demonstrate collective intelligence, and whether social ability would matter as much when people communicated purely by typing messages into a browser.可知C项“实验者想看看在那种情况下，集体智慧是否会出现”符合题意，为正确答案。A项“保证实验的准确性是必要的”，B项“网络协作正在变得越来越重要”，D项“实验者想证明社交能力在每一个团队都是重要的”，均与原文不符。

　　35.【参考答案】B

　　【试题类型】主旨题

　　【题干信息】The best title

　　【答案精解】本文共有五段，涉及两个实验研究，通过实验，文章指出优秀团队之所以优秀的原因：充分交流，平等参与，读心能力强。故B项“为什么一些团队比其他团队更聪明”符

　　合题意，为正确答案。A项“如何培养聪明团队”和D项“什么因素对团队有影响”均不能概括文章大意。C项“聪明团队的特征”，没有涉及与其他团队的比较，所以排除。

　　重点词汇和短语

　　全文翻译

　　心理学家们一百年前已经知道，人们的认知能力各不相同。但是团队是否也像人一样，聪明程度有所不同?为了回答这个问题，我们召集了697名志愿者，分成二至五人的团队。每个团队协力完成一系列小任务，这些精选出来的任务代表了现实生活中组建团队通常想解决的各种问题。有些任务需要逻辑分析或头脑风暴，有些则强调协调、计划和道德说服。

　　心理学家们经过测试发现，个人智力具有普遍性：比如，词汇量丰富的人往往计算能力也强，虽然我们通常认为这些能力没有关系。我们的研究结果表明，团队也具有这种普遍智力。平均而言，那些在某项任务上做得好的团队其他任务也完成得比较好。换句话说，有些团队就是比其他团队聪明。

　　我们发现最聪明的团队具有以下三个特点。第一，团队成员在小组讨论中的贡献比较均衡，而不是让一两个人主导团队。第二，聪明团队的成员在一项名为“通过眼神读心”的测试中得分较高，这项测试测量的是仅通过眼神解读复杂情绪状态的能力。最后一点，女人多的团队表现得比男人多的团队好。不过，最后这个特点的部分原因是女人总体来说比男人更善于“读心”。

　　在一项新研究中，我们再次验证了之前的研究结果。我们随机安排68个团队在两种不同条件下完成集体智慧测试。其中一半面对面交流。另一半通过网络交流，看不到其他队友。我们想看看通过网络协作的团队是否仍表现出集体智慧，当人们完全通过往浏览器上输入信息进行交流时，社交能力是否还那么重要。

　　结果发现，依然如此。不管是网络交流还是面对面交流，有些团队总是比其他团队聪明。更令人意外的是，不管采取哪种交流方式，聪明团队最重要的特点仍是这些：充分交流，平等参与，读心能力强。

　　Text4

　　总体分析

　　本文共六段，主要介绍了火星探测任务的进展情况及现状。文章第一段中指出火星探测器“好奇号”已经成功着陆并发回高清照片。第二段讲照片显示火星表面与地球表面极为相似。第三段介绍了探测器在火星上的位置。第四段说明了探测器在火星着陆的情况。第五段指明目前工程师们已经做好的工作。第六段说明了探测器目前的工作状态。

　　试题详解

　　36.【参考答案】C

　　【试题类型】含义题

　　【题干信息】pull a fast,(Para.2)

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词位至第二段。该段最后两句引用了部分火星探测计划专家的话，说明火星表面的景色的确与地球上的沙漠景色相似，因此，有人认为火星照片其实是NASA根据地球表面的照片合成出来的，这是情有可原的。由此可以推测，pull a fast这一词组有“欺骗，造假”的含义。因此C项“欺骗”为正确答案。A项“加速”，B项“隐藏”，D项“美化”，均与文意不符。

　　37.【参考答案】B

　　【试题类型】细节题

　　【题干信息】the rover Curiosity’s real location

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位至第三段。由该段第一、二句可知，“好奇号”的实际位置是位于“直径96英里的盖尔环形山附近，靠近火星赤道。“图像中显示‘好奇号’以北是盖尔环形山的部分边缘，人们认为其边缘曾经遭受流水的侵蚀。”因此，B项“靠近火星赤道的盖尔环形山以南”为正确答案。A项“在莫哈韦沙漠中间，靠近其在美国的诞生地”，C项“靠近被流水侵蚀了的火星赤道”，D项“在一座3.4英里高的山峰顶上，那里曾经适宜居住”，均与原文不符。

　　38.【参考答案】A

　　【试题类型】推断题

　　【题干信息】the rover’s investigation

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位至第四段。本段最后一句指出，探测器着陆造成的深坑很有可能是进行科学研究的第一片区域。并且在第三段的最后一句指出，探测器计划通过研究附近山上的岩石层来重现火星早期的气候和环境，并判断火星是否曾经适合生命居住。因此，探测器的研究很有可能是从研究岩石开始。A项“有可能从研究火星上的岩石开始”与原文意思相符，为正确答案。B项“建立在对火星气候重新构筑的基础上”，C项“在探测器完美着陆之后马上开始”，D项“只有在陆地上准备一周后才能开始”，均与原文不符。

　　39.【参考答案】B

　　【试题类型】细节题

　　【题干信息】the rover’s internal temperature

　　【答案精解】根据题干关键词定位至第六段。由第三句可知，探测器的内部温度比预想的要高一些，这是由于探测器的降落地点温度比预计的要高，并且NASA的计算机模型也不是十分准确。因此，计算机模型的问题是导致内部温度过高的原因之一。B项“NASA的‘好奇号’计算机模型的问题”为正确答案。A项“气象设备的小问题”，C项“着陆对探测器的影响”，D项“探测器某个设备过热”，均与原文不符。

　　40.【参考答案】D

　　【试题类型】主旨题

　　【题干信息】main idea

　　【答案精解】文章第一段中指出火星探测器“好奇号”已经成功着陆并发回高清照片，第二段讲照片显示火星表面与地球表面极为相似，第三段介绍了探测器在火星上的位置，第四段说明了探测器在火星着陆的情况，第五段指明目前工程师们已经做好的工作，第六段说明了探测器目前的工作状态。全文详细介绍了火星探测任务的进展情况及现状。因此D项“‘好奇号’探测任务的进展”为正确答案。A项“火星表面与地球多么相似”，B项“‘好奇号’的成功着陆”，C项“NASA在探索火星方面的成就”，均不能概括文章主要内容。

　　重点词汇和短语

　　全文翻译

　　上周末，美国国家航空航天局最新的火星探测器“好奇号”开始传回降落点周边360度的全景高清图像。经历了8个月的飞行之后，“好奇号”于今年8月6日登陆火星。

　　在上周三的新闻发布会上，加州理工学院地质学教授、参与本次火星探测任务项目的科学家约翰·P·格罗青格将图像中的景色与距离加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳市几小时车程的一个地方和“好奇号”的诞生地美国国家航空航天局喷气推进实验室进行了对比。“如果你认为美国国家航空航天局在蒙骗世人，这种想法绝对可以理解，”他说，“实际上，我们真的曾经将火星探测器放在莫哈韦沙漠里拍了一张照片，图像里还有一点儿类似洛杉矶的烟雾呢。”他补充道：“在某种程度上，你所获得的第一印象就是，火星看上去和地球无比相似。”

　　实际上，“好奇号”的所在地点位于直径96英里的盖尔环形山附近，靠近火星赤道。图像中显示，“好奇号”以北是盖尔环形山的部分边缘，人们认为其边缘曾经遭受流水的侵蚀。而“好奇号”以南是一座3.4英里高的山峰。它被科学家们称为夏普山，是“好奇号”计划攀爬抵达的地点。负责此次探测任务的科学家们希望通过研究夏普山的沉积岩层来重现火星早期的气候和环境，并判断火星是否曾经适合生命居住。

　　照片还显示了“好奇号”在着陆地点留下的痕迹。“好奇号”在向火星表面降落的过程中，引擎的冲击波将降落地点附近的地表轰出了一个凹坑，暴露出底层的基岩。暴露的基岩很可能会成为火星探测器长达两年的探测之旅中将要探测的第一个火星区域。

　　探测器在火星完美着陆之后，工程师们开始检查探测器的系统，部署高增益天线，升起支撑相机的探测杆。探测器在火星表面的第一周探测活动进行得非常顺利，几乎毫无瑕疵。

　　到目前为止，探测器没有遇到什么大麻烦。气象设备遇到了一个小问题，不过工程师一天后就把它解决了。探测器的内部温度比预想的要高一些，可能是因为环形山的温度比预测的要高，也可能是因为美国航空航天局设计的“好奇号”电脑模型不完全准确。对过热的担忧可能会对一些设备的启用时间构成限制。不过，较高的温度也带来了一些好处，减少了“好奇号”在开动前预热接头和传动轴所需的能量。

　　Part B

　　总体分析

　　本文介绍了运动对衰老影响的研究。第一段开篇点题，引出一项关于运动对衰老影响的研究。第二段阐述了研究为了排除运动量不足对衰老的影响而采取的措施。第三段介绍了第二段中的具体措施：招募了年龄介于55岁至79岁之间，经常运动的85名男性和41名女性。第四段介绍了实验对每位参与实验者的指标检测。第五、六段介绍了实验的两项结果。最后一段总结全文。

　　试题详解

　　(一)迅速浏览全文，概括各段大意

　　[A]总而言之，研究数据表明，在经常进行体育运动的人中，衰老程度完全不同。

　　[B]研究证明，年龄对这些骑车运动者的影响并不明显，并进行了具体阐述。

　　[C]一项关于运动对衰老影响的最新研究表明，从生理学角度讲，经常运动的老年人更接近于年轻人。

　　[D]运动量不足和老龄化有密切联系，为了排除这一干扰，新研究决定选择坚持大量运动的健康老年人作为实验对象。

　　[E]科学家们对每名志愿者都进行了大量生理和认知测试。这有助于研究人员判断测试指标更多地取决于体育运动，而不是年龄。

　　[F]科学家们招募了年龄介于55岁至79岁之间，且经常骑自行车的85名男性和41名女性。他们都是健康的老年人。

　　[G]研究证明，衰老的某些方面确实不可避免。即使我们进行体育锻炼，年龄也确实会在一定程度上降低我们的耐力和力量。

　　(二)将选项重新组合归类，结合已知段落，把握文章主旨和结构

　　由各选项可知，本文是在讲述关于一项运动与衰老关系的研究。根据内容，可将这7个选项分成三组：C项和D项是第一组，介绍运动与衰老的关系及其影响;E项和F项为第二组，讲述实验的过程：参与者及测评数据。A项、B项和G项为第三组，本组是在阐述实验研究的结果。

　　(三)结合文章主旨和结构，理顺各段的逻辑顺序

　　41.D【解析】试题中首段已给出，研读后我们得知首段末句提出问题：但科学一直未能明确发生这些变化的主要原因是时间的推移还是(至少从一定程度上说)个人的生活方式。这就说明下文会对这个问题进行解答。D项首先指出，在考虑运动量不足这个因素时，这个谜题显得尤其复杂难解。Thisconundrum(这个谜题)正是对第一段最后一句的回应，然后文章接着从生活方式角度出发，讲述了老年人的一种不良生活习惯：喜欢久坐不动。为了排除这种生活习惯的影响，新研究决定选择坚持大量运动的健康老年人作为实验对象。故D项与首段衔接顺畅，为正确答案。

　　42.F【解析】前两段(C项、D项)引出了“运动与衰老”的实验研究。D项最后两句指出，“英国伦敦国王学院和伯明翰大学的科学家们决定使用一种不同的方法。他们选择了坚持大量运动的健康老年人作为研究对象，这样就把运动量不足这个因素从研究中去除了”。E项首句To accomplish that goal, the scientists recruited 85 men and 41 women aged between 55 and 79 who bicycle regularly.正是对上文的试验方法的详细描述，尤其是关键词To ac-complish that goal(为了实现这个目标)是对上文的明确回应。由此可见F项与上文衔接紧密，为正确答案。

　　43.E【解析】观察剩余的A项、B项和E项。不难发现：E项在讲述科学家对志愿者的测试项目，即实验过程。而A项和B项讲述的都是实验结果，因此，E项一定位于A、B项之前;此外E段首句中的then ,volunteer也与前段中的The volunteers were all serious recre- ational riders but not competitive athletes.相呼应。故E项为正确答案。

　　44.B【解析】B项首句提到As it turned out, the cyclists did not show their age (分析结果证明，年龄对这些骑车运动者的影响并不明显)，接着提到On almost all measures (从几乎所有的指标上)，这些关键词句都是对E段中实验数据的分析。再结合后面已经给出的G项，可知B项位于E项和G项之间，故B项为正确答案。

　　45.A【解析】根据关键词All in all，可知此段为总结段。此外the numbers应指的是实验研究数据，因此A项肯定在E项之后。结合前面已确定的B项和G项，可知A项是对前面两个段落的总结。故A项为正确答案。

　　(四)通读全文

　　检查发现这种排列方式使这些段落构成了一篇通顺、完整的文章，因此上述答案正确。

　　重点词汇和短语

　　全文翻译

　　[C]一项关于运动对衰老影响的最新研究表明，从生理学角度讲，经常运动的老年人更接近于年轻人。但这一新发现表明，随着岁月的流逝，我们的许多对体力下降必然性的预期可能是不正确的，人们年龄几何在很大程度上取决于自己。老龄化对于我们来说依旧是一个十分神秘的过程。过去的许多科学研究都表明，随着年龄的增长，身体和细胞中的许多进程都会出现不利的变化。但科学一直未能明确发生这些变化的主要原因是时间的推移还是(至少从一定程度上说)个人的生活方式。

　　[D]在考虑运动量不足这个因素时，这个谜题显得尤其复杂难解。当下的老年人往往容易

　　久坐不动，这种生活习惯会影响健康，因此很难区分运动量不足的后果和单纯因为年纪渐长造成的影响。本周发表于《生理学杂志》上的新研究中，英国伦敦国王学院和伯明翰大学的科学家

　　们决定使用一种不同的方法。他们选择了坚持大量运动的健康老年人作为研究对象，这样就把运动量不足这个因素从研究中去除了。

　　[F]为了实现这个目标，科学家们招募了年龄介于55岁至79岁之间，且经常骑自行车的

　　85名男性和41名女性。这些志愿者们都是正儿八经的骑车爱好者，但并非竞技运动员。参与研究的男性必须能在六个半小时内骑行至少62英里，女性则需要能在五个半小时内骑行37

　　英里，对于老年人而言，能达到这个标准通常身体都非常强健。

　　[E]科学家们对每名志愿者都进行了大量生理和认知测试。他们测定了每名骑车运动者的耐力、肌肉量和力量、蹬力、新陈代谢健康、平衡力、记忆力、骨密度和反射等。研究人员对参与研究的各位骑车运动者的测试结果进行了两两比较，还将这些数据与理论上正常衰老下的基准数据进行了比较。如果某一特定测试的结果在所有年龄段的骑车运动者中大致相同，那么研究人员就认定该指标更多地取决于体育运动，而不是年龄。

　　[B]分析结果证明，年龄对这些骑车运动者的影响并不明显。从几乎所有的指标上都能看出，数十年来，他们的生理机能保持得相当稳定。在这方面，他们与同龄人之间的差距远远大于他们与年轻人之间的差距。就整个群体而言，哪怕是其中年纪最大的骑车运动者的平衡力、反射、新陈代谢健康和记忆力都处于年轻人的水平。

　　[G]然而，研究也证明，衰老的某些方面确实不可避免。年纪最大的骑车运动者的肌肉力量和肌肉量都少于50多岁和60岁刚出头的参与者，且他们的整体有氧能力也有大幅降低。哈里吉博士说：就算进行体育锻炼，年龄也确实会在一定程度上降低我们的耐力和力量。但即便如此，研究中年纪最大的骑车运动者的这两项指标也均高于70岁或70岁以上人群的平均水平。

　　[A]总而言之，研究数据表明，在经常进行体育运动的人中，衰老程度完全不同。

　　PartC

　　总体分析

　　全文共有六段，主要围绕“教育如何影响收入水平”展开论述。第一、二段引出话题，指出近　　年来收入不均现象在美国及大多数国家愈演愈烈，加强教育貌似是解决收入不均的好办法。第三段阐述了一项实验研究并指出：更高的学历对于中低收入的美国人是个喜讯，但并不能有效地缓解收入不均问题。第四、五段详细阐述了实验者及实验过程。最后一段总结道：加强教育多少还是有点效果的。

　　试题详解

　　46.此外还有一种貌似可信的办法，既能够绕开那种两极化思维，又能够解决收入不均的加剧，那就是加强教育，从而让更多的美国人能够从21世纪的经济进步中受益。

　　【结构剖析】

　　句子主干为There remains a solution。 to rising inequality 为宾补 。 that引导定语从句 ，修饰 solution。 冒号后面的内容是对 solution 的解释说明 ，其中 so that 引导目的状语从句，主干为 Americans can benefit from the advances。

　　【翻译技巧】

　　(1)由于to rising inequality 与avoids those polarizing ideas 都修饰 solution,因此可以将其全部翻译为短句，用连接词“既……又……”衔接即可。

　　(2)注意短语的翻译。benefit from 意为“从……中获益 ”。

　　47.只是这并不能解决有意义地缓解收入不均的问题，而收入不均当前的驱动力来自于收入分配最顶层人口的急剧向上流动。

　　【结构剖析】

　　句子主干为It isn’t up to the task。 of meaningfully reducing inequality为task的后置定语。which引导的定语从句修饰inequality,从句的主语为which(指代inequality)，谓语为is being driven by，介词的宾语为the sharp upward movement，of the very top of the income distribution为movement的后置定语。

　　【翻译技巧】

　　(1)be up to原意为“胜任，该由……负责”，在此处与not连用，活译为“不能解决”。

　　(2)定语从句较长，因此翻译时单独成句并重复先行词income inequality。

　　(3)根据汉语表达习惯，is being driven by被动语态翻译为主动语态，译为“当前的驱动力来自于”。

　　48.该研究结果由汉密尔顿项目组发布，这是一个中间派的研究小组，由华尔街资助，致力于针对美国的种种难题，寻找能够同时团结左右两派的第三类对策。

　　【结构剖析】

　　句子主干为It is published by the Hamilton Project。 a centrist research group为the Hamilton Project的同位语。operating with Wall Street funding 和 seeking to find third-way-style solutions to America’s problems为group的并列后置定语。that引导的定语从句修饰solutions。

　　【翻译技巧】

　　(1)代词的译法。考生要切记准确翻译出代词所指代的内容。联系上下文可知本句中的it

　　指代上文的the research(研究结果)。

　　(2)同位语的翻译。为了避免重复，翻译同位语时，通常增译“这”。

　　(3)准确找到先行词。当定语从句和先行词分离时，考生要准确找到先行词，否则会影响对句意的理解。本句的that引导的定语从句的先行词为solutions，如果考生误认为是problems，那么就会翻译错误。

　　49.在他们的模拟实验中，他们假定处于黄金工作年龄的未受本科教育者中，有10%突然获得了本科或本科以上学历，这将导致高等学历劳动者所占比例出现前所未有的提升。

　　【结构剖析】

　　句子主干为they assume that ...。In their simulation为句子状语，that引导宾语从句,宾语从句的主干为 men obtained a college degree or higher, of prime working age 为 men 的后置定语。which引导非限定性定语从句,修饰前面的整个句子。

　　【翻译技巧】

　　(1)灵活处理前后定语。 宾语从句中的 men 既有前置定语10 percent of non-college-educated 修 饰， 又有后置定语 of prime working age，这就要求考生根据汉语表达习惯，合理安排定语顺序。

　　(2)当定语从句较长时，可单独翻译成句，用代词“这”连接前后文即可。

　　(3)higher需在本句译为“本科以上学历 ”。

　　50.“提高无本科学历劳动者的受教育程度，将会增加他们的平均收入和就业概率。”作者们写道。

　　【结构剖析】

　　句子的主干为the authors write ...。双引号中的句子为 write的宾语。宾语从句的主干为men will increase ... and ..., and连接increase的两个宾语。其中Increasing the educational attain- ment of 为men 的前置定语。

　　【翻译技巧 】

　　(1)attainment 原意为“达到 ，获得 ;成就”，此处和educational连用，引申为“受教育程度 ”。

　　(2)likelihood of being employed 此处活译为“就业概率”。

　　重点词汇和短语

　　全文翻译

　　假设你认同这样一个令人信服的数据分析：近几十年里，收入不均现象在美国及大多数先进国家一直愈演愈烈;同时也假设你并不想通过政治领域的两极化措施来对抗收入不均现象，譬如对富人加税，或者加大社会福利力度。

　　(46)此外还有一种貌似可信的办法，既能够绕开那种两极化思维，又能够解决收入不均的加剧，那就是加强教育，从而让更多的美国人能够从21世纪的经济进步中受益。这是一项保守派、中间派和自由派都能泰然支持的政策。毕竟，有谁会不喜欢更强大的教育系统呢?但是一篇新论文却阐述了这张算盘为何打不响——至少它无法消弭巨富阶层与其他民众之间的贫富差距。

　　布拉德·贺什本、梅丽莎·科尔尼和劳伦斯·萨莫斯提供了一个简单的模拟小实验，为大家演示教育在对抗收入不均现象上的局限性。简言之，更高的学历对于中低收入的美国人而言是条喜讯，这能提升他们的薪资水平，加强他们的经济保障。(47)只是这并不能解决有意义地缓解收入不均的问题，而收入不均当前的驱动力来自于收入分配最顶层人口的急剧向上流动。更加值得玩味的是，这项研究出自萨莫斯先生之手，他是前任财政部长，很难被归类为“仇富派”的勇士。(48)该研究结果由汉密尔顿项目组发布，这是一个中间派的研究小组，由华尔街资助，致力于针对美国的种种难题，寻找能够同时团结左右两派的第三类对策。

　　(49)在他们的模拟实验中，他们假定处于黄金工作年龄的未受本科教育者中，有10%突然获得了本科或本科以上学历，这将导致高等学历劳动者所占比例出现前所未有的提升。他们假定，这些学历有所提高的劳动者的薪资金额，将从原有水平调整至原有本科学历者的同等水平，再减去一个调整金额，因为劳动力市场中的本科学历者人数增加，可能会引发这一人群工资水平的轻微下降。

　　(50)“提高无本科学历劳动者的受教育程度，将会增加他们的平均收入和就业概率。”作者们写道。而即便这并未令整个社会的收入不均现象减轻多少，他们发现，这样做确实能够提高收入排名在第25百分位附近的劳动者的收入，从而切实地减轻了收入分配下半层内部的收入不均现象。

　　Section Ⅲ Writing

　　Part A

　　思路点拨

　　本题要求写一封推荐信。推荐信是一个人为推荐另一个人得到某个机会或者某个职位而写的信。写作时需要注意以下三点。

　　1.开门见山说明写信目的：推荐谁及与被推荐人之间的关系。

　　2.描述推荐的理由以及被推荐人的主要特点。

　　3.希望优先考虑等。要注意多写优点，充分肯定成绩。篇幅不宜过长，也不能三言两语。

　　参考范文

　　Dear Mr. Smith,

　　I am writing to recommend Zhang Ying, a close associate of mine, who is trying to find a teach- ing position in the U.S. to teach Chinese.

　　Mr. Zhang is an outstanding candidate. He has obtained the Certificate of Ability to teach Chi- nese as a Foreign Language. As a hard-working gentleman, he gets along well with others and will be an enthusiastic and pleasant colleague. If Mr. Zhang could be given the opportunity to work in your school, I am confident he will be an excellent worker and meet what is expected of him.

　　Finally, I will see this as a very special favor, and will be extremely pleased to reciprocate you in the future.

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　闪光词汇

　　recommend v.推荐

　　associate n.同事，伙伴

　　outstanding a.杰出的，显著的

　　certificate n.证书，认证

　　enthusiastic a.热心的，热情的

　　reciprocate v.报答 ，报酬

　　精彩表达

　　I am writing to recommend ... 我写信是想推荐 ……

　　outstanding candidate 杰出人选

　　see ... as ... 把 ……当作 ……

　　Part B

　　Here is a vivid and lively picture which implies that a graduate has fallen into the river of un- employment， but he refuses the job opportunity provided by a peasant and only prefers city job. This picture shows that nowadays many graduates don’t have a correct attitude towards employment.

　　It is not difficult for us to understand the phenomenon. To begin with, as young people, they would like to pursue a modern and fashionable life which can be achieved only in big cities. What’s more, most of the graduates think there are more opportunities to realize their dreams in big cities.However, they are too optimistic to notice the severe competition and huge pressure in cities.

　　I believe it may be an advisable choice for those graduates to work in rural areas not only be- cause the graduates are badly needed in these areas but also because they can fully combine what they have learnt in the universities with the practical work.

　　实用模板

　　Here is a vivid and lively cartoon which depicts 图画内容 . Obviously, this picture con- veys us a strong message that 图画寓意 .

　　It is not quite difficult for us to understand this phenomenon if thinking carefully. To begin with, 原因一. What’s more, 原因二. At last, 原因三 .

　　Therefore, it is imperative for us to take effective measures. For one thing, 措施一 .For another, 措施二 . Only in this way can we 结论 .