The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented，and policymakers and responsible employers are particularly sensitive to the plight of the black female employee on the theory that she is doubly the victim of discrimination.That there exist differences in income between whites and blacks is clear，but it is not so clear that these differences are solely the result of racial discrimination in employment.The two groups differ in productivity，so basic economics dictates that their incomes will differ. 　　To obtain a true measure of the effect of racial discrimination in employment it is necessary to adjust the gross black/white income ratio for these productivity factors.White women in urban areas have a higher educational level than black women and can be expected to receive larger incomes.Moreover，State distribution of residence is important because blacks are overrepresented in the South，where wage rates are typically lower than elsewhere and where racial differentials in income are greater.Also，blacks are over-represented in large cities，and incomes of blacks would be greater if blacks were distributed among cities of different sizes in the same manner as whites. 　　After standardization for the productivity factors，the income of black urban women is estimated to be between 108 and 125 percent of the income of white women.This indicates that productivity factors more than account for the actual white/black income differential for women.Despite their greater education，white women’s actual average income is only 2 to 5 percent higher than that of black women in the North.Unlike the situation of men，the evidence indicates that the money income of black urban women was as great as，or greater than，that of whites of similar productivity in the North，and probably in the United States as a whole. 　　At least two possible hypotheses may explain why the adjustment for productivity more than accounts for the observed income differential for women.First，there may be more discrimination against black men than against black women.The different occupational structures for men and women give some indication why this could be the case.Second，the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the intensity of discrimination against women differs little between whites and blacks.Therefore，racial discrimination adds little to effects of existing sex discrimination.These findings suggest that a black woman does not necessarily suffer relatively more discrimination in the labor market than does a white woman.Rather，for women，the effects of sexual discrimination are so pervasive that the effects of racial discrimination are negligible. 　　1.The primary purpose of the passage is to____. 　　[A] explain the reasons for the existence of income differentials between men and women 　　[B] show that racial discrimination against black women in employment is less important than sexual discrimination 　　[C] explore the ways in which productivity factors influence the earning power of black workers 　　[D] sketch a history of racial and sexual discrimination against black and female workers in the labor market 　　2.The difference between income levels for black and white women is____. 　　[A] less than that for black and white men 　　[B] greater than that for black and white men 　　[C] greater since black women are subject to more discrimination 　　[D] smaller since women can only do low-paying jobs 　　3.Which of the following best describes the logical relationship between the two hypotheses presented in the fourth paragraph? 　　[A] They may both be true since each phenomenon could contribute to the observed differential. 　　[B] They are contradictory，and if one is proved to be correct，the other is proved incorrect. 　　[C] They are independent of each other，and it is hard to establish any relationship between them. 　　[D] The two hypotheses are logically connected so that it is impossible to prove either one to be true without also proving the other to be true. 　　4.If the second hypothesis mentioned by the author is correct，a general lessening of discrimination against women should lead to a ____. 　　[A] higher white/black income ratio for women 　　[B] lower white/black income ratio for women 　　[C] lower female/male income ratio 　　[D] increase in the productivity of women 　　5.The author’s attitude toward racial and sexual discrimination in employment is one of____. 　　[A] apology [B] concern [C] indifference [D] indignation 　　1.[B] 文章最后一段是作者的结论，这段提到两个假设，一是对男性黑人的歧视可能比对女性黑人的歧视更严重;二是对妇女的歧视在黑人和白人之间没有多大区别。因此作者的结论是：就黑人妇女而言，种族歧视并没有使性别歧视加重——黑人妇女并没有受双重歧视，由于对任何种族的妇女的歧视占主导地位，种族歧视的影响几乎可以忽略不计了。 　　2.[A] 最后一段提到，有数据显示支持如下假设：对妇女的歧视在白人和黑人之间差别不大，因此，种族歧视在性别歧视之外几乎没有再添加影响。这些发现表明：在劳动力市场上，黑人妇女不一定比白人妇女遭受更多的歧视，更确切地说，对妇女来说，性别歧视是如此广泛存在，以至于种族歧视的影响可以忽略不计。 　　3.[A] 参阅第1题题解。 　　4.[A] 参阅第1题题解。 　　5.[B] 意为：关注。作者对黑人妇女在就业上可能存在的受歧视现象进行了实事求是的分析，并借助于数据进行了说明。作者的目的当然是找出根本原因，以便切实解决问题。从这个角度来看，作者对黑人妇女在工作中的地位是关心的。

　　二

　　It looked like a typical business meeting. Six men， neatly dressed in white shirts and ties filed into the boardroom of a small Jakarta company and sat down at a long table. But instead of consulting files or hearing reports， they closed their eyes and began to meditate， consulting the spirits of ancient Javanese kings. Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception. One of the meditators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed mainly at bringing the peace of mind that makes for good decision-making. But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise kings has also helped boost the profits of his five companies. 　　Mysticism and profits have come together since the 13th century introduction of Islam to Indonesia by Indian Moslem merchants. Those devout traders， called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God， ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java. Legends attribute magic power of foreknowledge to the Wali Ullah. These powers were believed to be gained through meditation and fasting. 　　Businessman Hadisiko said his group fasts and meditates all night every Thursday to become closer to God and to contact the spirits of the great men of the past. ‘If we want to employ someone at the managerial level， we meditate together and often the message comes that this man can’t hole onto money or he is untrustworthy. Or maybe the spirits will tell us he should be hired.‘ Hadiziko hastened to add that his companies also hold modern personnel management systems and that formal qualifications are essential for a candidate even to be considered. Perspective investments also are considered through mystic meditation. ’With the mind relaxed and open， it is easier to be objective in judging the risk of a new venture. Meditation and contact with the wisdom of the old leaders sharpens your own insight and intuition. Then you have to apply that intuition to the information you have and work hard to be successful. ‘ Mystic meditation helped reverse a business slide his companies experienced in the mid-1980. Operating with normal business procedures， he lost more than $ 3 millions in that year alone. Meditation brought back his peace of mind. Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability. The mysticism in Hadisiko’s boardroom is part of a growing movement in Indonesia called Kebatinan – the ‘search for the inner self.’ 　　One of his managers， Yusuf Soemado， who studied business administration at Harvard University， compared the idea of mystic management to western system of positive thinking. ‘Willpower and subconscious mind are recognized as important factors in business. Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics， Carnegie’s think and growth rates， or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation，‘ he said. 　　1.What is the most important factor in their doing business? 　　[A] Mysticism. 　　[B] Religion. 　　[C] Meditation. 　　[D] Investment. 　　2.Whom do they consult? 　　[A] The spirits of ancient Javanese kings. 　　[B] Wali Ullah. 　　[C] Old Kings. 　　[D] Carnegie. 　　3.Why did Hadisike hasten to add ‘his companies also hold modern personnel management systems…’? 　　[A] He thought Mysticism was not so good as expected. 　　[B] To show they too focused on qualifications. 　　[C] To show they hired qualified persons. 　　[D] To show the possibility of combination of the scientific management with religion. 　　4.According to the passage， the function of the meditation is 　　[A] to gain profit from the god. 　　[B] to gain peace of mind to make decision. 　　[C] to gain foreknowledge. 　　[D] to gain objective conclusion. 　　5.What does ‘operating with normal business procedures’ refer to? 　　[A] Adopting the western way of doing business. 　　[B] Ordinary way of doing business without meditation and fasting. 　　[C] Contact with God. 　　[D] Putting right persons in the right jobs. 　　Vocabulary 　　1.file into 鱼贯而入，排队进去 　　2.Jakarta 雅加达 　　3.meditate 沉思，冥想，反省 　　4.Java 爪哇 　　5.Javanese 爪哇的 　　6.mysticism 神秘主义 　　7.boost 促进，增加，提高 　　8.devout 虔诚的，热诚的 　　9.appeal 向……呼吁，求助于，魅力 　　10.legend 传说，神话 　　11.fasting 禁食，斋戒 　　12.hold onto 抓紧，保住 　　13.personnel management system 人事管理制度 　　14.perspective investment 远景投资 　　15.venture投机，风险 　　16.sharpen 使……敏锐/尖锐，磨尖 　　17.business slide 买卖/企业滑坡，下滑 　　18.turn around 好转，转变 　　19.subconscious 下意识的，潜意识的 　　20.cybernetics 控制论 　　21.Carnegie 卡耐基 　　22.tap 开拓，选择 　　难句译注 　　1.Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception. 　　【参考译文】在印尼神秘主义似乎涉及到印尼生活的各个方面，商业也不例外。 　　2.Those devout traders， called ‘Wali Ullah’ or ‘those close to God， ’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java. 　　【参考译文】这些虔诚的商人，叫做Wali Ullah，或者“接近主的人”，把他们的祈求呼吁跟爪哇当地的神秘主义相结合。他们通过这一途径积极热情地拓展商业买卖和宗教信仰。 　　3.Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability. 　　【参考译文】恰当的工作岗位使用合适的人选，对企业决策具有信心使形式好转的关键。它给你带来拓展和利润。 　　4.Search for the inner self. 　　【参考译文】探索内心的自我。 　　5.Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics， Carnegie‘s think and growth rates， or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation. 　　【参考译文】类似心理控制论、卡耐基思想、增长率、或者积极思考能力等观点是西方开拓高智能的办法，而我们是通过沉思冥想来和高智能联系的。 　　写作方法与文章大意 　　这是一篇新闻报导，讲述印度尼西亚商人如何经营公司。主要采用一般到具体写作手法。一开始就点明他们以独特的方式――不看文件，不听汇报，而是闭上眼睛沉思，向古代帝王的精灵请示来经营。这种神秘主义几乎涉及印尼生活的各个领域，商业也不例外。后面每段都围绕这一主题而写。第二段写来源。第三段，应用于商业方面的具体例子，第四段，和西方管理方法对比。 　　答案详解 　　1.C 沉思。这在第一断已有说明。 　　A. 神秘主义。是个总的概念，笼罩生活各方面。而不是具体的做法和重要因素。 B. 宗教。 D. 投资。 　　2.A 爪哇古代帝王之精灵。答案在第一段。 　　B. Wali Ullah是指印度穆斯林商人。这些虔诚的商人叫做Wali Ullah或者成为接近主的人。传说神话也把先知的力量归功于Wali Ullah.C. 老帝王。D. 卡耐基，1835-1919是生于苏格兰的美国钢铁工业家和慈善家。他有一套管理企业的办法，称为卡耐基思想。 　　3.B 他们也重视资历、才能。这在第三段中第二行起，商人 Hadisiko讲话清楚说明“如果我们要雇佣管理人员，我们就一起沉思，常常会有这种信息来临：这个人不能管理钱财或者他不可靠。也可能神灵告诉我们应当雇佣他。接着他匆忙补充说他的公司也采用现代人事管理系统，即要考虑雇佣的人员最根本的条件仍是正式资历”。 　　A. 他认为神秘主义不像想象中那么好。C. 表明他们雇佣人才。上下文说明，他所以补充是说明他们也重视资格。D. 表明科学管理和宗教结合的可能性。Hadisike语中没有这种意思。但不能说他们雇佣人才不管宗教。 　　4.B 得到冷静头脑来决策。这在第三段后半部分讲到。“远景的投资也是通过神秘的沉思加以考虑。有着放松和开放的头脑，易于客观地判断新投资的风险。沉思和过去领袖的接触会是你的洞察力和感官变得敏锐。”第一段第五行“其中一位沉思者说每星期的沉思会主要目标是带来一个平静的头脑，作出好决策。” 　　A. 从上帝那里得到利润。 C. 取得先知。不对，先知的能力归于Wali Ullah.D. 得到客观的结论。文内只提到，头脑放松容易客观地判断投资风险与否，并不是客观的结论。 　　5.B 没有沉思和斋戒的常规作生意。见第三段中，神秘的沉思帮助扭转公司生意滑坡而正常买卖步骤，这一年就损失了300万美元。这两句对比的话说明B项内容。 　　A. 采用西方买卖方式。文内没有点明正常就是西方方式。C. 和上帝接触。D. 知人善任。