It was not the change in office technology,but rather the separation of secretarial work,previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880's created a new class of "dead-end" jobs，thenceforth considered "women's work."

　　十九世纪八十年代，产生了新的一类"没前途"的职业，这并不是因为办公室技术发生了改变，而是由于秘书工作——在此之前被视作是初起步的经理们的一种习见训练——与行政工作的分离。自此以后，这类"没前途"的职业便被视作是"女人的工作。"

　　Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry".

　　FE,却预测妇女们将被从家庭的"社会、法律和经济压迫"中解放出来，只是通过使得征召"整个女性阶层进入公共的工业中去"成为可能的技术进步的方式做到的。