ⅠReading Comprehension

　　Passage 1

　　Languages are marvelously complex and wonderfully complicated organs of culture. They embody the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective culture. To learn a foreign language is to learn another culture. In the words of a poet and philosopher, “As many languages as one speaks, so many lives one lives.” A culture and its languages are as inseparable as brain and body; while one is a part of the other, neither can function without the other. In learning a foreign language, the best beginning is with the non-verbal linguistic elements of the language, its gestures, its body language. Eye contact is extremely important in English. Direct eye contact leads to understanding, or, as the English maxim (格言) has it, seeing eye-to-eye. We can never see eye-to-eye with a native speaker of English until we have learned to look directly into his eyes.

　　1. The best title for this passage is ________.

　　A. Organs of Culture B. Brain and Body

　　C. Seeing Eye-to-Eye D. Non-Verbal Linguistic Elements

　　2. According to this passage, the best way to learn a foreign language is ________.

　　A. to read the works of poets and philosophers

　　B. to find a native speaker and look directly into his eyes

　　C. to begin by learning its body language

　　D. to visit a country where English is spoken

　　3. According to this passage, gestures are ________.

　　A. non-verbal as well as non-linguistic

　　B. verbal and linguistic

　　C. non-verbal but nevertheless linguistic

　　D. verbal but nevertheless non-linguistic

　　4. “As many languages as one speaks, so many lives” means ________.

　　A. if one leans many foreign languages, one will have a better understanding of his own language

　　life is richer and more interesting if one knows several languages

　　no matter how many languages one knows, one can never know more than one’s own culture

　　if a person speaks only one language, he will live a very happy life

　　5. One of the following which is not synonymous with the others is _______.

　　A. signs B. gestures C. maxims D. body language

　　Passage 2

　　In the United States, a person can take credit only for what he has accomplished by himself. Americans get no credit whatsoever for having been born into a rich or privileged family. (In the United States, that would be considered “an accident of birth”.) Americans pride themselves in having been born poor and, through their own hard work, having climbed the difficult ladder of success to whatever level they have achieved—all by themselves. The American social system has, of course, made it possible for Americans to move, relatively easily, up to the social ladder, whereas this is impossible to do in many other countries. The “self-made man or woman” is still very much the ideal in present-day America.

　　Americans believe that competition brings out the best in any individual. Consequently, the foreign visitor will see competition being fostered in the American home and in the American classroom, even at the youngest age levels. You may find the value placed on competition among individuals. But Americans teaching in Third World countries find the lack of competitiveness in a classroom situation equally distressing (令人苦恼的). They soon learn that what they had thought to be one of the universal human characteristics represented only a peculiarly American (or Western) value.

　　Americans, valuing competition, have devised an economic system to go with it – free enterprise (自由企业制). Americans feel very strongly that a highly competitive economy will bring out the best in its people and ultimately, that the society which fosters competition will progress most rapidly. If you look for it, you will see evidence in all areas – in all fields as diverse as medicine, the art, education, and sports – that free enterprise is the approach most often preferred in America.

　　6. What does the author mean by saying “self-made man or woman” is still very much the ideal in present-day America?

　　A. Americans no longer respect those who are born rich as they used to.

　　Americans still respect those who have climbed up the social ladder through hard work.

　　Americans think that an ideal man or woman should be born poor.

　　Americans think that only the self-made man or woman is worthy of respect.

　　7. What does the author think of the American social system?

　　A. It is a system that does not favor those who are born rich.

　　B. It is a system that makes social climbing very difficult, if not impossible.

　　C. It makes it comparatively easy for the poor to move up the social ladder.

　　D. It is the best system possible in the world.

　　8. Americans teaching in Third World countries found that _____.

　　A. competition is a unique American (or Western) value.

　　B. competition must be fostered in the classroom for success in business.

　　C. cooperation is more important than competition in bringing about progress.

　　D. competition is one of the universal human characteristics.

　　9. We can infer from the passage that free enterprise is _____.

　　A. an economic system allowing free competition among business

　　B. a belief that competition brings out the best in any individual

　　C. an attitude that values competition rather than cooperation

　　D. a theory that advocates competition as the source of all progress

　　10. Americans would most likely frown at you if you _____.

　　A. tell them you were born poor and had to work with your hands

　　B. go around telling people that your father is a self-made man

　　C. tell them that their social system is not necessarily the best

　　D. complain that you were born poor and had had no opportunities