2018年翻译资格考试三级笔译模拟题：生态旅游
来源 :中华考试网 2018-10-19
中2018年翻译资格考试三级笔译模拟题：生态旅游
第二单元 生态旅游 Ecotourism
第一篇
英译汉
Ecotourism
The ideas behind ecotourism are not new. Rooted in the conservation and environmental movements in the United States over the past 150 years - spurred by the writings of Thoreau, Muir, and before them, Buddhist and other philosophical ideologies - ecotourism is a new application for an age-old concept of stewardship. It recognizes the interconnections of all life and the importance of maintaining a balance between human needs and those of existing ecosystems.
Perhaps Aldo Leopold's famous Land Ethic best captures the philosophical essence of stewardship: "a thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability and beauty of the biotic community... it is wrong if it does otherwise." In diversity there is stability. Ecotourism is really nothing more than the application of this philosophy to the self-enriching discovery made possible through travel. It is a process and an ethic, not an end in itself.
Ecotourism (often including rural tourism, heritage/cultural tourism, nature-based tourism, and adventure/experience-based tourism) has demonstrated growth far in excess of the so-called "mass tourism" market by posting 30% annual increases between 1995 and 2000. This increase can be compared to the 8% growth in mass tourism over the same period.
According to the Travel Industry Association of America, over 50% of the U. S. adult traveling public ——147 million people ——have taken an "adventure" trip in their lifetime. Included on this "adventure" activity roster are camping, hiking and biking. Though a small portion of the overall tourism industry, ecotourism's profit margin tends to exceed that of mass tourism. Last year, the average ecotourism two-week package cost is $ 3,500.
Ecotourism has both the potential to change the way we view travel and to provide the means to care for our diverse and rich resources. Western society (about l.2 billion people) cannot bring the remaining 5.l billion people in less developed countries up to the Western consumptive "standard of living" without exhausting the earth's resources. Ecotourism creates a situation where both the West and the less developed societies can converge toward the middle. Ecotourism is the "common ground" because it fundamentally changes the economic dynamics of business. Ecotourism recognizes the ecological and cultural costs of doing business as well as champions "local economy", i.e., the community becomes strong and cohesive by what's developed and sustainably managed on a local level.
As a part of the service industry, ecotourism promotes what Alan During, in his important book How Much is Enough? calls the "shift from material to non-material ends". This shift is the only viable way in which human demands made on the environment will not overrun the carrying capacity of the planet. is Ecotourism is in fundamental opposition to consumption as a means to fulfillment; rather, the sense of place, the excitement of experience, and the opportunity of learning become the overriding products " sold" to ecotourists. These ecotourism "products" are based upon preserving and protecting the original cultures and environments, not upon transforming them into some Disneyland-like fantasy-world.
Increasingly, a conservation ethic and a viable process of development have emerged from the ecotourism movement, or perhaps vice versa. The ecotourism ethic has been defined by the Ecotourism Society to mean: "responsible travel that conserves the natural environs and sustains the well-being of local people. Ecotourism offers travelers the means to assist personally and locally in the conservation of threatened environments and to support communities directly that are seeking viable economic alternatives to cycles of poverty and environmental destruction." This non-profit organization is working to raise public support for implementing ecotourism principles and practices around the world.
The concerted effort by policy makers, businesses, recreation managers and organizations such as the World Wildlife Fund and Conservation International to define and make ecotourism a mainstream practice is promising. We in the Western industrialized nations have an incredible opportunity for restorative and regenerative change through ecotourism. There seems to be little doubt that tourism will continue to grow; the most important question remains: Will it be ecologically responsible and sustainable?
The responsibility clearly rests with ourselves to care for an environmental and cultural diversity which historically we have used merely to serve our needs - and our needs only. Ecotourism, as a model, process and ethic, offers an opportunity to put respect for our earth into practice in a way that all people can enjoy its beauty and benefits.
参考译文
生态旅游
生态旅游的理念并不新鲜，它是在梭罗、缪尔的著述、以及之前的佛教等思想体系的启发下形成的，并植根于美国150年来的野生动物和环境保护运动中，是一种对古老的资源管理概念的新的发挥。它认识到了所有生命之间的相互联系，以及维护人类需求和现荐生态系统之间的平衡的重要性。
埃尔多·利奥波德著名的《土地伦理》一书也许最能体现资源管理的哲学精髓：“凡是有利于维持生物群落的完整性、稳定性和美感的，就是正确的……凡是违背了这一点的，就是错误的。”在多样性里蕴含着稳定性。生态旅游其实也就是将这种哲学应用于能充实自我的探索发现中，而后者正是通过旅游来实现的。生态旅游本身并不是一种目的，而是一种过程，一种伦理。
生态旅游(通常包括乡村旅游、文化遗产旅游、自然风景旅游、冒险体验旅游)的增长速度远远超过了所谓的“大众旅游”市场，在1995年至2000年间，年增长率达到30%。与之相比，大众旅游市场的同期增长率为8%。
美国旅游业协会称，在美国的1. 47亿成年旅游者中，有50%以上的人曾经进行过“冒险”旅游。这种冒险活动包括野营、徒步旅行和骑自行车旅行。生态旅游虽然只占整个旅游产业的一小部分，但是它的利润率却有超过大众旅游的趋势。去年，两周生态旅游的一揽子费用平均约为3500美元。
生态旅游既可能改变我们对旅游本身的看法，也为保护我们丰富多样的资源提供了手段。西方社会有约12亿人口，维持他们的生活标准需要消耗大量的资源。要让欠发达国家的51亿人口都达到西方的“生活标准”，必然会把地球的资源消耗殆尽。生态旅游为西方国家和欠发达国家向中等消耗标准靠拢创造了条件。它是一种“共同基础”，因为它从根本上改变了商业的经济动态棋式。生态旅游在认识到商业行为的生态和文化成本的同时，也倡导“局部经济”，通过局部的发展和可持续管理，增强局部地区的社会实力和凝聚力。
作为服务产业的一部分，生态旅游提倡的是艾伦·杜灵在其重要著作《多少才算够?》一书中所提到的“从物质追求向非物质追求的转移”。唯有如此，人类对环境的需求才不会超出地球的承受能力。生态旅游与那种靠消耗资源来获得满足的做法是格格不入的。生态旅游者所购买的最主要的“产品”实际上是对旅游地的感受、令人兴奋的体验以及学习的机会。这些生态旅游“产品”的宗旨是维护原始的文化和环境，而不是将它们改造成迪斯尼式的梦幻世界。
生态旅游正日益促进环保伦理的兴起和可行的发展方式，或者反过来说，是环保伦理和可行的发展方式促进了生态旅游。根据生态旅游协会的定义，生态旅游是“一种负责任的旅游方式，它把保护当地自然环境与维持当地人民的福利结合起来，使旅游者能够亲自参与保护当地受到威胁的自然环境，并直接支持那些正在寻求其他经济发展方式的地区，以结束贫穷和环境破坏的恶性循环。”这一非赢利性组织正在努力寻求公众支持，在世界范围内推广生态旅游的原则和实践。
一些政府决策者、商家、娱乐业经营者以及世界拜生动植物基金会和“保护国际”等组织正携手合作，努力推广生态旅游，使之成为主流行为，他们很有希望获得成功。我们西方工业化国家正面临着一个天赐良机，通过生态旅游，让大自然得以休养生息，再现生机。毫无疑问，旅游业将继续发展。最重要的问题依然是：它是否有利于生态，能否持续发展?
以前，我们只知道利用环境和文化的多样性来单方面满足自己的需要，而现在，保护它们的责任无疑落在了我们自己身上。生态旅游，作为一种模式，一个过程，和一种伦理，为我们提供了一种机会，把我们对地球的尊重付诸实施，让所有人都能领略它的美丽，享受它的恩泽。
第二篇
汉译英
中国会接受生态旅游吗?
玉石村位于中国西南云南省蓝坪自治乡内。这里的村民都是普米族，尽管许多当地人简称自己是“土著人”。
玉石人对自己的文化传统引以为豪，他们重视对当地环境的保护。这里百分之九十以上的面积为森林覆盖，当地居民深知如果他们与公路网联通，他们的森林就可能遭到砍伐，而他们脆弱的文化就可能会在强大的外界影响下受到威胁3。多年来，他们选择与世隔绝，希望建立起强大、健康的社区后再对外开放。
政府的支持对于建立强大的社区是至关重要的，然而玉石村一直没有政府工程和扶贫工作。一些村民曾试图建立一些可持续发展项目。，但都失败了。目前，最大的希望是农村信用合作社7的小额贷款项目。然而，农民们申请2000元(US $253)人民币的贷款，得提前扣除400元(US$ 51)的利息，而他们得到的只有1600元(US $202)。为了偿还贷款，他们就得每月付180元(US$ 23)，付12个月。村民们认为贷款对他们的创业于事无补。
一些村民认为种植收益可观的药草和长期小额贷款相结合是解决经济困难的途径。他们盘算着筹措40万元(US $50，602)资金将使村子在五年后在经济方面自给自足。但是或许还有另一条出路，即：生态旅游。
然而，村子并不具备游客期望的设施条件，如干净的盥洗室、洗衣设备与互联网。旅游专家曾考察过这里，对当地独特的文化和环境留下了深刻的印象。但是，如果玉石村想从生态旅游中获益，那么村子和村民们必须做出改变，来满足当今游客苛刻的标准。
旅游是一种可以增加原料附加值的科技，取一只普通的鸡，用当地的方法烹制，摆在饥饿的游客面前，就会看到其价值大幅上升。同样，玉石绵延的山脉，先前曾是运输和经济发展的障碍，如果村民们能够吸引来游客，就会价值连城。
在云南，有许多地方都在增加收入的同时，寻求保护环境和传统文化的途径，而这几乎总是意味着生态旅游是唯一的选择。但如果村子的条件得不到改善，许多游客就不会来，因为多数中国城市居民对乡村生活近乎恐惧。肮脏杂乱、蚊子肆虐、简陋的厕所以及不明的价格意味着许多理想的生态旅游区域无法吸引游客。
云南首家官方认可的有机农场"位于首府昆明远郊。几年来，农场一直处于亏损状态，因为消费者无法把他们的产品和那些使用化肥和栽培转基因作物农场的产品区分开来。同样，游客很少考虑他们目的地的质量，他们只想要交通便利、风景美丽的地方。对于许多人来说，旅游不过是观光而已，它并不能大幅度改善生活质量。
绝大多数中国人对观赏自然不感兴趣，更不要说花钱来观赏自然。有些人是迫于参加政府资助的研究，但当项目经费用完，很少人还会继续下去。享受未经开发的环境，对中国人来说并不是天经地义的事。我们喜欢看有关自然的画，而不是大自然本身，喜欢一尊木雕佛像，而不是走进树木生长的森林;让我们的孩子呆在教室里接受有关荒野的教育，而不是带他们去亲身体验自然。
游客的这种态度是中国生态旅游业发展异常缓慢的原因。消费者不愿过于接近自然，所以旅游业忽视了像玉石村这样的地区。由于很少中国人愿意欣赏玉石村的美，人们通常寄希望于出手阔绰的外国游客，但是这一希望也很渺茫。有鉴赏能力的外国游客人数也在下降，而只想放纵一下自己的游客却在增加。到国外学习、分享经历的游客正在被那些纵情消费、心胸狭窄的游客所取代。
游客青睐轻轻松松的假日，中国的生态旅游因此遭受重创。四川王朗自然保护区是大熊猫的庇护所。自1996年以来，北京大学教授、熊猫专家吕植一直在推动该地区的生态旅游。但是由于缺少吸引眼球的景色，要看到大熊猫必须呆在户外，使得王朗没能得到应有的游客。26云南大概也是同样的情况。
因此，在抱怨生态旅游运营者没能吸引游客的时候，我们也许应该花点时间想想游客本身，因为如果游客不愿成为生态旅游者，那么再多的精心筹划和良好意愿都是徒劳的。
参考译文
Can China Embrace Ecotourism?
The village of Yushi is in the autonomous township of Lanping, in the southwestern Chinese province of Yunnan. The villagers all belong to the Pumi ethnic group, although many locals simply refer to them as "natives".
Yushi people are proud of their cultural traditions, and emphasize the protection of the local environment, over 90% of which is covered by forest. The residents know that if they were connected to the road network, their forests could be felled and their fragile culture could be threatened under the strain of powerful external influences. For many years they have chosen to remain isolated, hoping to build a strong and healthy community before opening to the outside world.
Government support is vital in building a strong community, but Yushi has seen no official projects or poverty alleviation work. Some of the villagers tried to set up sustainable development programs, but to no effect. Currently, the best hope is the rural credit cooperative's micro-credit scheme. However, if the villagers apply for a loan of 2000 yuan (US $253), 400 yuan(US $ 51) in interest is deducted in advance and they receive only 1600 yuan ( US $202). To repay the loan they then need to make twelve monthly payments of 180 yuan (US $ 23) . Villagers regard the loans as of little use in starting their own businesses.
Some in the village advocate a combination of planting profitable medicinal crops and long-term micro-credit loans as the solution to the village's financial problems, and calculate that raising funds of 400, 000 yuan ( US $ 50, 602 ) would allow the village to become economically self-sustaining in five years. But there could be an alternative: ecotourism.
However, the village does not yet have the facilities that tourists expect, such as clean toilets, washing facilities or internet access. Tourism experts have visited and were impressed by the unique local culture and environment. But if Yushi wants to benefit from ecotourism, then the village and its households must change to meet the demanding standards of today's tourists.
Tourism is a kind of technology that adds value to raw materials. Take a regular chicken, cook it in the local style and put it in front of a hungry tourist — and watch its value rocket. Similarly, Yushi's mountains, which were previously seen as barriers to transport and thus economic development, would become priceless if the villagers could attract the ecotourists.
Many places in Yunnan are looking for ways to protect the environment and traditional culture while also raising income - and that almost always means eco-tourism is the only option. But if conditions in the villages are not improved, many tourists will simply not come, since most city-dwelling Chinese attitudes to rural living border on outright fear. A lack of cleanliness and orderliness, mosquitoes, dubious toilets and unclear pricing mean that many areas ideal for eco-tourism cannot attract visitors.
Yunnan's first officially-recognized organic farm lies on the outskirts of the provincial capital Kunming. It has been making a loss for years, since consumers fail to differentiate its products from those of farms which use chemicals and genetically-modified plants. Similarly, tourists rarely consider the quality of their destinations; they simply look for ease of access and impressive scenery. For many, tourism is simply sightseeing - it's not about improving your life in any meaningful way.
The vast majority of Chinese people are not interested in watching nature, much less in paying for the privilege of doing so. Some are forced to in the course of government-funded research, but when the funding dries up very few continue. Enjoyment of the untamed environment is not something that comes naturally to Chinese people. We prefer to look at paintings of nature, rather than nature itself; to appreciate a wooden carving of the Buddha rather than the forest the wood grew in; and to let our children be educated about the wild in the classroom, rather than take them to experience it first-hand.
This attitude among tourists is responsible for the unusually slow growth of China's eco-tourism sector. Faced with consumers unwilling to get too close to nature, the tourist industry ignores areas like Yushi. Since only a tiny minority of Chinese people is willing to appreciate the beauty of Yushi, people often turn to high-spending foreign tourists - but this is also a hope too far. Discerning foreign tourists are also on the decline, while the number of tourists who travel simply to indulge themselves is increasing. Travelers who go abroad to learn and share experiences are being replaced by narrow-minded tourists who are only interested in consumption. Tourists are choosing the holiday that involves the least effort, and China's ecotourism sector is suffering as a result. Sichuan's Wanglang Nature Reserve is a haven for giant pandas. Since1996, Peking University professor and panda expert, Lu Zhi, has been promoting ecotourism to the area. But the lack of dramatic scenery and the need to spend time outdoors in order to see the pandas mean that Wanglang still lacks the number of visitors it deserves. The same could be the case in Yunnan. So when we complain about ecotourism operators failing to attract visitors, perhaps we should take some time to consider the visitors themselves - because if a tourist is unwilling to become an ecotourist, then any amount of careful planning and good intentions will be wasted.综习
第三篇
英译汉
Tourism and Environment in the Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Countries as a whole account for one third of the world international tourism. In 1990, 72 million international tourists and 62 million domestic tourists visited the Mediterranean coastal region. Although the highest concentration has traditionally been on the northern shores, the trend is towards a more even distribution around the entire basin.
At the same time, the Mediterranean Region - characterized by its particular climate - is considered as a terrestrial biodiversity "hotspot" , this being defined as an area of exceptional endemism, having more than l,500 vascular plants, and where over 70% of the natural habitat has been lost. In fact, the Mediterranean region largely meets these criteria, since it has about 13,000 endemic plants with only very little habitat left. Favorite tourist areas and biodiversity hotspots largely coincide in the Mediterranean coastal regions. This constitutes both an asset and a liability.
The occupation of coastal areas by tourist infrastructures, including associated urbanization, roads, marinas, golf courses, secondary homes, etc. , leads to destruction of vulnerable terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands. Tourists demand water supply per capita at a higher rate than local inhabitants and at a time of water scarcity, in summer, thus leading to oversized facilities for both supply and treatment. Marine ecosystems suffer from water sports, anchoring, and waste disposal. Forest fires are multiplied by negligence and sometimes by criminal acts.
These liabilities are however compensated by a major consideration, namely that all Mediterranean countries are heavily dependent on tourism to improve their balance of payments. Hence, the continued destruction of their coastal environments and natural amenities would jeopardize this much coveted tourism development. By 2025, in the case of a weak traditional development scenario, the number of domestic tourists in the Mediterranean region would reach 140 million and the number of international tourists 93 million, whereas in the case of a strong and sustainable development scenario, these figures could reach 220 million and 143 million respectively. The challenge is to make such tourism development sustainable.
In this respect, a greater attention to biodiversity can be most significant. More coastal ecosystems - terrestrial and marine - should be protected and existing protected areas should be strengthened. Management of these areas should include unproved facilities for "interpretation" for visitors, including in marine, mountaineering and skiing resorts. More should be made of local biodiversity as a tourist attraction. Combination of cultural and natural elements, for instance in biosphere reserves, should be provided to tourists in the form of properly managed "ecotourism". Traditional agricultural products and crafts of quality should be promoted. If properly established the link between tourism and biodiversity in the Mediterranean constitutes a major asset for the region.
参考译文
地中海的旅游和环境问题
地中海各国的旅游业占据了全世界国际旅游业的三分之一份额。1990年，地中海沿海地区吸引了多达7200万名国外游客和6200万名国内游客。一直以来，游客大都集中在地中海北部的沿海区域，但是现在渐渐出现了游人向整个海域均匀分散的趋势。
地中海地区以其特殊的气候著称，是一个具有陆地生物多样性特点的“热区”。所谓“热区”，也就是指具有罕见的地方性特征的地区，拥有1500种以上导管植物，同时已经丧失超过70%的自然生物栖息地。事实上，地中海地区现有13000种地方性植物，生物栖息地几乎丧失殆尽，大体上符合生态热区的定义。而且在地中海的沿海地带，旅游热点恰巧大多也正是生态热区。这既是笔资产，也是笔负债。
旅游基础设施大量侵占沿海土地，其中包括相关的城市化建设、道路、游艇船坞、高尔夫球场和度假屋等，这对脆弱的陆地生态系统和湿地造成了严重的破坏。游客的人均水需求量高于当地居民，夏季是供水紧张季节，因此当地不得木添设特大型供水设备和水处理设备。水上运动、船只停泊和废水处理正在危害海洋生态系统。而由于玩忽职守或犯罪行为所造成的森林大火则成倍增加。
但是地中海各国若要改善收支平衡，都得大大依赖旅游业，这便抵消了人们对破坏大自然行为的顾虑，于是，破坏沿海自然环境和天然优势的行为一直得以继续，从而势必危及该地区令人垂涎的旅游业的发展。倘若沿着这种不健康的方向发展下去，到2025年，到地中海地区旅游的国内游客将只能达到1.4亿人次，国外游客9300万人次;而采用可持续的健康的发展方式，两者分别可望达到2.2亿和1. 43亿人次。问题的关键在于确保旅游业发展的可持续性。
谈到可持续性，更加关注生物多样性或许是非常重要的。我们应该为更多的沿海生态系统——包括陆地和海洋的——提供保护措施，并加强对现有保护区的保护力度。这些地区的管理措施应该包括：在海滨、登山和滑雪等度假区配备先进设备，向游客解释生态保护知识;进一步将当地生物多样性的特点发展成为旅游业的一大卖点;在生物保护区等地区将文化和自然要素相结合，以妥善经营的“生态旅游”方式向游客推出;积极推广优质传统农产品和手工艺品。如果能把地中海地区的旅游业和生物多样性合理地结合起来，这将成为该地区的一笔巨大资产。
第四篇
汉译英
中国的生态旅游研讨会
旅行给游客带来了很多乐趣，然而旅游业的发展却给环境带来不少问题，严重的甚至扰乱到社会秩序。联合国环境规划署委员会针对这些问题，提出了发展“生态旅游”的新策略。
国际旅游协会将生态旅行定义为具有保护自然环境和维护当地人民福利双重责任的旅游活动。
今年八月，20多位专家学者，包括生态旅游专家、来自世界野生动物基金的官员和一些地方相关团体，举办了一次研讨会，共同为世界遗产九寨沟的扎如沟草拟发展生态旅游的方案。
扎如沟位处我国四川省北部，拥有5290多平方千米的广阔区域，是140多种鸟类和大量濒临灭绝种的动植物的栖息生长地区，其中还包括国宝大熊猫和金丝猴。
最近一次世界野生动物基金会的调查表明，大众旅游不仅会对扎如沟地区产生负面影响，而且还会殃及周边自然保护区。
游客到处乱弃垃圾，制造废水，再加上这一地区大兴土木，建造旅游设施，这一切都严重破坏了当地的生态环境和文化氛围。
参加研讨会的专家一致认为，在扎如沟地区发展生态旅游应遵循以下几条原则：限制旅客人数，减少道路建设;鼓励当地团体积极参与管理;对游客进行环保教育;以及重点保护藏族文化。
一位专家指出：“把保护生物多样化和旅游管理合理结合起来，能够产生更好的效益;而损坏环境的做法无异于杀鸡取卵。”
参考译文
A Workshop on China Ecotour
While traveling is a lot of fun for the tourists, the development of tourism also brings troubles for the environment, some of which even upset the public order. In view of these problems, the UNEP has put forward a new strategy with ecotourism at its core.
As defined by the International Tourism Society, ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people.
Last August, over 20 ecotourism experts, including WWF (World Wildlife Fund) officials and some related local organizations, attended a workshop aimed at drafting an ecotourism plan for the Zharugou Valley in the Jiuzhaigou World Heritage Site.
The 5,290-square-kilometre area in northern Sichuan is home to 140 bird species and a great number of endangered plants and animals, including the giant panda and golden monkey.
A recent investigation by WWF found that mass tourism to Zharugou would have negative impact not only on the region, but also on surrounding nature reserves.
Littering and waste water from tourists as well as construction of tourist facilities in the area are polluting the surroundings both environmentally and culturally.
At the workshop, participants reached an agreement on the main principles for developing ecotourism in the Zharugou area: the number of tourists should be limited, as should road construction; the participation of local communities should be encouraged; educational opportunities for visitors to learn about nature should be established; and an emphasis should be put on the Tibetan culture.
"Integrating biodiversity conservation into tourism planning can result in better business for the industry," said an expert, "Destroying the environment would be considered synonymous with killing the goose that lays the golden egg."
