2018上半年翻译考试catti三级笔译试题：婴儿

　　英译汉

　　Ask mothers why babies are constantly picking things up from the floor or ground and putting them in their mouths, and chances are they'll say that it's instinctive - that that's how babies explore the world. But why the mouth, when sight, hearing, touch and even scent are far better at identifying things?

　　Since all instinctive behaviors have an evolutionary advantage or they would not have been retained for millions of years, chances are that this one too has helped us survive as a species. And, indeed, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that eating dirt is good for you.

　　In studies of what is called the hygiene hypothesis, researchers are concluding that organisms like the millions of bacteria, viruses and especially worms that enter the body along with "dirt" spur the development of a healthy immune system. Several continuing studies suggest that worms may help to redirect an immune system that has gone awry and resulted in autoimmune disorders, allergies and asthma.

　　One leading researcher, Dr. Joel Weinstock, the director of gastroenterology and hepatology at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, said in an interview that the immune system at birth "is like an unprogrammed computer. It needs instruction."

　　He said that public health measures like cleaning up contaminated water and food have saved the lives of countless children, but they "also eliminated exposure to many organismsthat are probably good for us."

　　"Children raised in an ultra-clean environment," he added, "are not being exposed to organisms that help them develop appropriate immune regulatory circuits." Studies he has conducted with Dr. David Elliott, a gastroenterologist and immunologist at the University of Iowa, indicate that intestinal worms, which have been all but eliminated in developed countries, are "likely to be the biggest player" in regulating the immune system to respond appropriately, Elliott said in an interview. He added that bacterial and viral infections seem to influence the immune system in the same way, but not as forcefully.

　　Most worms are harmless, especially in well-nourished people, Weinstock said. "There are very few diseases that people get from worms," he said. "Humans have adapted to the presence of most of them."

　　Ruebush deplores the current fetish for the hundreds of antibacterial products that convey a false sense of security and may actually foster the development of antibiotic-resistant, disease-causing bacteria. Plain soap and water are all that are needed to become clean, she noted.

　　参考译文：

　　如果你问一些妈妈为什么婴儿会不停地从地上或地板上捡起东西来往嘴里送，她们很可能会说是本能使然，称婴儿就是这样探索世界的。但是，婴儿的视觉、听觉、触觉甚至嗅觉分辨事物的能力要强得多，为什么单单选择通过味觉进行探索呢?所有的本能行为都有进化优势，否则这些本能行为不可能延续数百万年至今。由此说来，通过味觉探索世界很可能也是人类得以延续的途径。越来越多的证据都有力地表明，吃脏东西有益健康。

　　在名为“卫生学假设理论”的系列研究中，研究人员逐步得出一个结论，即，随“脏东西”进入人体的数百万个细菌、病毒特别是蠕虫等有机体可以刺激免疫系统的健康发育。

　　几项仍在进行的研究显示，对于那些免疫系统出问题而出现自身免疫功能紊乱、过敏和哮喘的人而言，蠕虫可以帮助免疫系统修复。

　　波士顿塔夫茨医学中心肠胃、肝脏病学专科主任乔尔﹒魏因斯托克博 士是主要 研究人员，他在接受采访时说，人出生时的免疫系统“就像未经编程的电脑一样，需要指令。”他说，对不干净的水或食品进行清理等诸如此类的公共卫生措施确实拯救了无以计数的儿童的生命，但是这些措施“也使人们无法接触到对人体有益的多种有机体。”

　　“对于那些在过于洁净的环境中长大的儿童，”他补充说，“他们接触不到可以帮助免疫调节系统发育的多种有益有机体。”他与爱荷华大学的胃肠病学与免疫学专家戴维﹒艾略特博士共同进行了系列研究。艾略特在接受采访时说，他们的研究结果显示，在发达国家几乎被完全消灭的蛔虫很可能最有利于免疫系统调节。他补充说，细菌和病毒感染也同样有助于调节免疫系统，只不过作用没有蛔虫那么大。

　　魏因斯托克说，大部分蠕虫对人体无害，对营养良好的人群更是如此。“蠕虫致病十分少见，”他说，“人体对大多数蠕虫早已适应。”当下，人们热衷于购买抗菌产品，多达数百种的抗菌产品给人一种错误的安全感，实际上这些产品可能会导致对抗生素具有抗药性的致病菌的滋生，茹布什对此深感遗憾。她说，(日常卫生)只需肥皂和水就能清洗干净。